Chinese and Greek Mythology Essay

Long ago, people wanted to acquire a better understanding of the beginning of the universe which ultimately resulted in the establishment of religions, beliefs and most pertinent, creation myths. Mythology provides explanations for the worlds mysteries especially in regards to the creation of Earth, Humans and the environment. This comparative paragraph analyzes the similarities and differences between a Greek myth entitled, The Beginning of Things, and a Chinese myth named, Heaven and Earth and Man, contrasted in the aspects of conflict, solutions, heroic action, and the education of the first humans. Conflicts arise for different concerns but after the battles cease, peace is restored because of supernatural intervention, the world advances and progresses to prevent future misfortune. Firstly, if peace is kept in the heavens of Greece then there will be less despair on Earth. The battle of authority results in a punishment system being enforced to confine cruel people and prevent rebellions. In ancient Greece there was a constant power struggle for the gods because of the underlying fear that their children would replace them in the chain of command. The text supports the argument of development and enhancement after unreasonable decisions are made by the deities; If any of them breaks the oath, for one year he lies breathless, and cannot partake of sweet nectar and ambrosia; after that year he is cut off from the meeting of the gods for nine years more, and then only may he come back and join their company. (Rouse, 3) During the destruction of the battles, evil is unleashed and causes chaos in the land. The justice system, which is created in response to Cronuses’ rebellion, is essential for any society to continue successfully. There is heroic involvement in both myths, with Zeus in particular in Ancient Greece. Zeus defeated his father and saved his brothers and sisters after being swallowed and trapped in his stomach. Cronuses’ awful deed deserves punishment which results in Zeus creating the Underworld and a standard of the amount of time spent punished. In fact, the Chinese story also includes a quarrel, different in rationale but improvement after the disagreement is a prevalent theme in both. Subsequently, in respect to the Chinese myth, after the war between fire and water, the pillar was destroyed; Nu-Kua repaired the gaps in the sky by supporting the sky with additional blocks. The literature provides evidence to confirm this line of reasoning; Block by block, she patched the holes in the sky. Lastly, she killed a giant turtle, and cut off its powerful legs to make pillars between which the sky is firmly held over the Earth, never again to fall. (Birch, 7) After chaos returns for the second time, when the elements fight against each other, involvement from spirits resolves the crisis and mitigates harm from humans. The irrational and aggressive clash between fire and water causes destruction but also provides reasoning for the position of the oceans and world geography. Apart from the similarities, there are many discrepancies circulating around the topic of conflict. In the Greek myth, conflicts originate from the desire to establish power and authority by rebelling. First, Cronus rebelled against his father Uranus and Zeus against Cronus followed. The competition is caused because children inherit their parents’ position and both gods prevent this from happening by swallowing or imprisoning them. On the contrary, the Chinese dispute is against the elements fire and water. In Chinese mythology, fire is masculine and symbolizes strength, aggression, impulsiveness. Water is considered feminine and symbolizes fluidity, downward energy but has the potential to be noisy. The conflict is probably caused because the elements are opposites and naturally enemies. This clash of the elements is a result of senseless hostility and not a fight for control. The difference in culture is what causes the significant differences in myths. Evidently, in Greek mythology acquiring status and supremacy is valued whereas there isn’t a sense of hierarchy but instead teamwork in China. According to the Asian myth, the spirits all work together towards a common goal which is to enhance and protect the Earth. Another obvious commonality in relation to either conflict is the presence of a supreme being which triggers and assists the chain of events which form the World. The Greek mythology had many different supreme beings which were responsible for various forces on Earth. The Chinese version, only included two main beings, one which was the result of the environment and the other was the creator of the human race. Comparative mythology also requires examining the distinction between the ideas of how both cultures though the Earth was created. An indication of how diverse the culture and beliefs of people is demonstrated in the topic of the formation of Human beings and the surrounding eco-system. The creation of humans, wildlife and geographic landscapes varies with the idea of the Greek Gods sculpting most organisms themselves whereas the Chinese believe Pan’Ku’s body transforms into the environment. The aspect of creation and the environment is portrayed very differently in both legends. The number of dissimilarities outweighs the number corresponding ideas surrounding the mystery of the beginning of the Universe and our existence. In ancient Greece, after a period of chaos and disagreement between the deities a clever titian named Prometheus establishes the first human and provides luminosity and warmth in a world, swallowed by darkness after the sun sets. Prometheus sculpts animals and accidentally, the first human out of clay and began to teach them how to survive including hunting and making fire; Prometheus was very much pleased with his new pet. He used to watch men hunting for food and living in caves and holes, like ants or badgers. He determined to educate men as well as he could. (Rouse, 2) After rebelling by taking responsibility for the Earth underneath the heavens, Prometheus entertains himself by making models out of clay. Accidently, he creates humans and spent most of his time teaching humans how to continue to exist. Prometheus sculpts humans by accident whereas Nu’Kua from the Chinese myth wants to produce beings that will aid to cure her solitary state. To contrast, in the Chinese myth, the weather conditions, mountains, rivers and vegetation are all created by Pan’Ku’s body. Additionally, after humans are created by Nu’Kua, they are taught many vital skills in addition to simply the ability to survive; â€Å"Who in his life [Pan’Ku] had brought shape to the universe, by his death gave his body to make it rich and beautiful†¦ to the Earth he gave his body† (Birch, 6). In the Chinese story, the environment is not created by a specific spirit but instead transforms from a god into the surrounding nature and landscape. A further comparison against the Greek tale is the little explanation about how the land and plants are created except for the separation of sky and ground which reveals an already existing ecosystem. Moreover, the humans in the Chinese myth are taught how to communicate, reproduce and to live in peace. The humans in ancient Greece are never taught skills beyond survival. Finally, there is an evident variation for the reasons to assemble humans. Nu’Kua intends to create a creature that will provide her relief from isolation meanwhile Prometheus is only amusing himself and the first human emerges entirely unintentionally. Nevertheless, both fairy-tales have a couple of resembling principles. To begin with, humans are formed and educated by the deities. The first humans were taught to hunt, gather food, and construct shelter to avoid perishing as a species. The principal objective is to aid humans to continue to populate and the justification in both fables was that supernatural intervention maintained the evolution of such a powerful species. Magical clay was used in both myths as the main material in the production of creatures and human beings. The motive for why these two parables are so similar is to emphasize how there is an external influence which assisted the formation of humans because it is difficult to believe that simple resources could have conceived such complex living, breathing creatures. Additionally, as a society in the present day, education is a requirement and essential for the genetic continuity of the human race, peace and maintenance of the Earth’s resources. By the means of education can one’s potential be used to maximum extent. It is natural for the authors of these short fictitious stories to assume the hero’s and goddesses teach humans because then there will be no foundation to carry on the sharing of lessons and information. In conclusion, it is in the nature of humans to wonder about the unknown and search for answers. At the foundation of nearly every culture is a creation myth which explains how the wonderful mysteries of the Earth came to be. Despite geographical barriers, many cultures have developed creation myths with the same basic elements and structure. However, there are many cultural and societal influences which cause variations in the beliefs and alter the overall creation myth from region to region. Apart from the fundamental similarities, the Greek and Chinese ideologies deviated in certain aspects of the myth because their values and morals as separate countries have impacted, adapted and evolved differently in response to world events.

Shakespeare Henry V

Henry V Shakespeare Essay After looking at the Lawrence Oliver's, Kenneth Branch's and the Henry V classic comics extensively, we have a clear view of what Henry V was really like. The re- telling of this famous story have shown that he was a humble, down to earth leader that wants the best for his army. In Lawrence Oliver's re-making of the famous Shakespeare play ‘Henry V, we see Henry V as a confident and influential man. Throughout the speech we see him yelling at the top of his voice. His army gets right into his speech which is showing that he is a persuasive person.This also shows that he is liked by his army. In Lawrence Oliver's version, we see a large and wide camera view which shows Henry standing above the entire English army. This view shows us the shear size of the English army and Henrys power above them. The soldiers are all dressed in shining armor and the background is nice and colorful. It makes the scene nicer to look at. During Henrys speech, his voice stay s at a loud level. The crowd gets into his speech. In Lawrence Oliver's version we can tell that he is liked throughout the English army cause the army is following him in his speech.After looking at Kenneth Branch's re-make of Henrys famous SST Christian's day speech shows us that Henry is a down to earth guy. In this version Branch makes Henry seems more apart of his army than he is King. We see this when he comes down from his high position down to the level of his fellow citizens. One technique Branch uses is camera position. We see the camera at the height of the army looking up at Henry. This shows us that Henry is powerful. We see him lower his voice lower down from a yell to unite the brothers.Branch gives us the idea that Henry is a loyal and down to earth person who cares about every single man in his army. In the Classic Comic ‘Henry V, we see Henry as a guy that's very powerful and a loyal leader. We see Henry leading a special formation of Calvary soldiers. He say s ‘For we today that sheds his blood with me shall be my brother'. We see Henry from a high view to really show the formation of the men on there horses. We also see that there is a crowd looking up at Henry which really shows the power Henry has got.This lassie comic of Henry V really shows the power Henry has over his army. After looking at these three re-telling of the famous story of Henry V ‘s SST Crispin day speech, I have found out that Henry is a very powerful, liked, down to earth, loyal and honorable man. These three re-telling of this story have shown different techniques to show these characteristics of Henry. Some techniques used are camera height (how high Henry is above the army), voice projection, color of clothing and the way his army follows him. We see him as a man, leader and warrior, soldier and

Action Research Essay

Abstract This paper reports the results of an action research (RA) on the effectiveness of teaching stories in a new way â€Å"Teaching Stories without Telling Them†. The purpose of this research was to justify that how interactive ways of teaching stories enables students to perform better in the classroom, how the interactive teaching expands the knowledge of both teachers and learners, and how the teacher, at the same time, is teaching and drawing on and learning from the knowledge and experience of the students. That creates an ideal teaching cycle, a self-reinforcing teaching and never ending learning process. Introduction The teacher can choose particular designs and techniques for teaching a foreign language in a particular context. No quick fix is guaranteed to provide success for all classroom situations. Every learner is unique; every teacher is unique; so is every learner-teacher relationship. The teacher’s key task is, therefore, to understand the properties of these relationships and set the classroom environment accordingly. In other countries such as Nepal, students are taught to view their teachers  as an authority and a knows-everything person in the classroom, and this value-based relationship hinders the learners from freely expressing themselves in the classroom. In this firmly established teacher-centered system, it is often offensive for the students to contradict the teacher’s point of view. This unequal classroom relationship is often seen as a cultural disposition. I believe that this is not a new issue. Many published writings have critically looked at it. However, a teacher can always adopt various strategies to increase students’ participation in the classroom activities. In order to justify this possibility, I used a technique that I have termed as â€Å"teaching stories without telling them†. If the stories are carefully chosen, students feel what they do in the classroom is relevant and meaningful to their lives. Moreover, when asked to respond personally to the texts, students become increasingly confident about expressing their own ideas and emotions. The stories involve emotions as well as intellect, which adds to motivation and contribute to personal development. This is in particular very useful where the classroom is often only source of English. Background I’m a new English Teacher at Kaunlaran High School but I have been teaching English for the last four year. The pre-requisite to join this programme is School Leaving Certificate (SLC). Practically, the students who join this course range from SLC graduates to University graduates. I also work at â€Å"English Speaking and Research Club† that runs classes for those who want to improve their speaking skills. Interestingly, the members coming to this Club include school students to professionals and businesspersons. Certainly, the classes in both settings are multilevel in nature. I would like to refer to Hess’s (2002) definition – multilevel class is the class in which students vary considerably in their language and literary skills. In my case, students not only differed in language level, but also in age, motivation, expectations, attitude and interest. The Procedure In both places, I began with a pre-test in order to diagnose the learners’  level of English. The candidates were tested all their skills – first day reading and writing and the second day speaking and listening. Later they were divided into three groups named as triple five (those scoring less than 50%), triple seven (those scoring between 50-60 %) and triple six (those scoring 60% above) according to their test results; but they were not informed about it. Action plan teaching process Selecting a story: (I selected stories from books available in the market. I purposely chose books that had an appropriate level of difficulty and length.) Briefing the students about the different nature of class: (I told my students that they would have to read the text and be able to answer the questions I would ask them in the class. I did not read the story. My role as a teacher and facilitator was to ask questions very carefully so that I would be able understand the story and students’ role was to make me understand the story.) Giving students the story to read at home as reading assignment: (I gave each student a copy of the same story to read at home.) Grouping the students according to their language proficiency level and carrying out the class: (I asked simple factual questions to below average group i.e. 555; reflective questions to average group i.e. 777; and interpretive and judgmental questions to above average group i.e. 666. This actually engaged every student in the classroom activity. Moreover, they were very attentive when someone was speaking. This various types of questions actually motivated all level students to participate in the classroom activity.) Carry out discussion: (I was very careful while carrying out the discussion. Sometimes the students gave contradictory answers to the same question I asked. In such situation I played a very careful role – I gave the students equal opportunity to justify their answers. My job was to facilitate them to come to an agreeing point.) Giving home assignment: (I gave different tasks to different group – I asked the below average group to write a summary of the story, I asked the average group to imagine one of the characters in the story and write the story from their own perspective. For example, imagine that you are the Brahmin in the story, write a paragraph how these three thieves cheated you. I asked the above average group to interpret t he story using their own feelings and emotions. For example, do you think you would punish these thieves if you  were a judge? Write a very logical paragraph of your argumentations. The students at the beginning were little puzzled but did not express openly. However, they participated very actively in the classroom activities. My primary aim was to promote learner autonomy, by encouraging them to take charge of their own learning (Nguyen, 2005). This became even more interesting as I purposely did not read the story to create a real information gap. If I had read the story, I would already have known everything and then the questions I asked in the classroom would have been merely mechanical ones. For this reason, I claim that the classroom language was authentic. Classroom activity In the classroom, I asked four different types of questions: factual, reflective, interpretive, and judgmental. It is vital that we understand the nature of the different types of question. I have briefly described what they mean and quoted some sample questions I used in my classroom and their respective answers that students gave. They are as follows. a) Factual questions: the questions are very simple and they can pick up the answer from the text very easily such as: T: what is the title of the story? 555: Brahmin and thieves (they can pick from the text) T: How many characters are there? 555: There are four; one Brahmin and three thieves. b) Reflective questions: the types of questions are related with peoples’ emotions, feelings and associations for which the students have to use their won feelings to characters, event and plot of the story such as: T: What could be another suitable title? 777: Brahmin and the goat (they have to associate with the text.) T: why did they try to fool the Brahmin? 777: because they want the goat. c) Interpretive questions: the types of questions are related with meaning,  purpose and values such as: T: Why do you think the title should be Brahmin and goat? 666: Because the goat also has main role in the story. d) Judgmental question: these sorts of questions allow the students to decide their feelings, emotions and response to the topic and discussion they have had together such as: T: Write a very logical description, why do you want to punish one? 666: I should judge very carefully. We all know that if we miss judge then there is no one to help poor people. In this case, any way the Brahmin is (sis) victim †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. In this way, every learner participated in the class. Though the class was multilevel, the task designed for different levels was really challenging. The classroom rule was that only the group was supposed to answer the question, in case they did not answer then other group would answer. As far as the error correction concerned, I did not correct all the errors they made in the discussion. It does not mean that I ignored all the errors. I corrected only global error not the local error. I agree with Brown’s (2000) definition that the local error is clearly and humorously recognized and recommended that they may not be corrected as long as the message is understood and correction may interrupt a learner in the flow of communication. The global error needs to be corrected in some way since the message may otherwise remain unclear and rather ambiguous. I have corrected the errors watching the situation without disturbing in their attempt to produce the language. The result I found a dramatic change in the classroom atmosphere: all trying to say something, listening to others what they say. In fact, I had never had such satisfaction in my class before even though I used pair work, group work and role-play. In this sense, I agree with Nunan’s (as cited in Hiep 2005) suggestion that the teacher should use such activities that involve oral communication, carrying out meaningful tasks and using language which is meaningful to the learners and as well as the use of materials that promote  communicative language use. Such activities helped the learners to find the ways of helping them to connect what is in the text to what is in their minds. One of the major advantages of this approach is that texts can be selected based on the richness and diversity of the language and on the relevance to the English learners who should find them both meaningful and motivating. I refer Nguyen (2005:5) â€Å"Exposing students to varieties of stories let them experie nce not only the beautiful language but also something beyond, such as sympathy with characters and engagement with emotional situations that relate to their actual lives.† As a result, I found the activities vital for progress in language learning process. Such discussion certainly enhances students’ ability to pay attention, remember new grammar and vocabulary, process ideas and response appropriately. Moreover, students get enough chances to express their own ideas and opinions and discuss the opinions and ideas of other students. I agree with Byrd and Cabetas (1991:9) ‘by discussing these differences students learn to use English more clearly and to understand it better.† Moreover, they learn to clarify their own ideas, values, perspectives, and learn from others. A major innovation that I have noticed about this technique is to systematically build students’ ability to present their own ideas, opinions and feelings – both accurately and confidently. I have particularly focused on maximizing student-talking time and minimizing teacher-talking time in the classroom setting. This action research proved the idea of Breen and Candlin (as cited in Byrd and Cabetas 1991) that the teacher has two roles: the first role is to facilitate the communicative process and to act as an independent participant within the teaching-learning process; second role is that of researcher and learner. Action Research Essay Abstract This research is conducted to find out whether the use of CALL can boost students’ level of confidence in learning English. CALL is one of the methods used by teachers to facilitate students learning. Quantitative approach is selected to conduct the study. Survey is distributed to form four 15 male and 15 female students of SMK Sultan Abdul Aziz. CALL is proven to help students increase their level of confidence in learning English. Therefore, teachers can maximize the use of CALL in their teaching. Keywords: Computer-assisted language learning, confidence, English Chapter 1:Introduction 1.1 Introduction The development of technology has given huge impact to the advancement of instructional technology in education. Therefore, many researchers have been conducted to investigate the effectiveness of computer usage in teaching and learning process. In this 21st century, most of the teachers use Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) as one of the teaching pedagogy to facilitate students’ need in learning second language. Students especially in rural areas have lack of confidence in using English as their second language. One of the major concern is they are afraid of making mistakes either in speaking or written language. So, teachers should use different kinds of approach to overcome this issue. One of the approaches is by using CALL during teaching and learning process. Therefore, the need of this study is to find out the usage of CALL in boosting students’ confidence level. 1.2 Background of the study In learning second language, it is essential to have high confidence in using the language. According to a school teacher of SK Dato’ Laksamana Raja Mahkota in Teluk Intan, the biggest problem faced by her in teaching English is lack of confidence among students. Students are reluctant to communicate in English, especially in conducting activity that requires them to use the language. Without confidence, students may have difficulties in using English either in speaking or writing. Students with low confidence level  need new methodology to motivate them do well in learning English. According to Liton Weili Xu (n.d), the usage of CALL indicates that second language students can benefit from greater confidence and motivation given the opportunity to communicate with varied audiences. 1.3 Statement of the problem Many researchers have mentioned about the usage of CALL to boost students’ confidence level. However, there was little empirical study on the usage of CALL to boost confidence level among secondary school students. Advances in technology now allow students in secondary schools to be connected to one another beyond the four walls of the classroom. Students can interact through online discussion with other students from around the world. They can access huge amounts of information in seconds. They can share experiences through video, still image, online blogs, chat rooms and messaging sites by using English language. It is such a waste if teachers miss out on opportunities to motivate the students unless they take advantage of the use of technology in the classroom. The more students can share real experiences in the target language, the more their confidence will grow. 1.4 Research Objective For this study, the objectives are as follows: 1. To identify preferred platforms used by the students in learning English. 2. To investigate the role of technology in boosting students’ confidence level in learning English. 3. To find out the difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL. 1.5 Research question For this study, the researchers seek to answer these research questions which are as follow: 1. What are the preferred platforms of technology used by students in learning English? 2. Do students find technology helpful in boosting their confidence in learning English? 3. Is there any difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL? 1.6 Significance of the study Many students find it hard to learn English because it is not their mother  tongue. They are also not confident to use the language and participate in class activity. The teaching of English language should be in a way that can boost their confidence and interesting. Therefore, this study regarding the use of Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) in teaching English might help students to build their confidence in using the language. 1.7 Limitations The limitations of this study are as follows: 1) This study will involve limited number of students from one of the schools in Teluk Intan, Perak. 2) This study will be conducted in limited time which is only two months. 3) The questionnaire will be distributed online through Facebook message which may create a barrier between researcher and respondent. 1.8 Definition of terms In this study, there are several terms that have been used which are: Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) Michael Levy (1997) defined Computer-Assisted Language Learning (CALL) as â€Å"the search for and study of applications of the computer in language teaching and learning† (p. 1). CALL involves the use of computer as instructional technology to teach students. Jones and Fortescue (1987) also mentioned in their study that computer is a flexible classroom aid which is very useful for both teachers and learners (as cited in Nzh Gunduz, 2005). The usage of CALL in classroom can help students to learn the language better in a different environment. Teachers can apply interesting approaches or strategies while teaching with the help from computer. Confidence Sieler (1998) defined confidence as an individual’s feature (a self-construct) which leads a person to possess a positive view of themselves or situations that they are in (as cited in Maizam Alias &Nurul Aini Hafizah Mohd Hafir, 2009). Every student has different level of confidence in their learning process. Some of them may have high confidence and some have low. As mentioned by Stevens (2005), self-confidence refers to â€Å"a person’s expectation of his or her ability to achieve a goal in a given  situation† (p.1). Therefore, in order to learn better, students need to have a good expectation of themselves which means to have great confidence. 1.9 Conclusion This chapter elaborates background, objectives, significance and limitation of the study. This chapter also addresses on the importance of using CALL in language teaching and learning. It is hoped that the usage of CALL will help students to overcome their problems in gaining self-confidence in learning English language. The next chapter will discuss on the findings from previous researchers. Chapter 2: Literature Review There are vast opportunities for the use of computer assisted language learning (CALL) to assist second language (L2) learners in the classroom. Lee (2000) noted that â€Å"Although the potential of the Internet for educational use has not been fully explored yet and the average school still makes limited use of computers, it is obvious that we have entered a new information age in which links between technology and TESL have already been established†(p.1). Learning another language is a difficult task and advances in slow, steady increments. Almekhlafi (2006) investigated student attitudes with regard to the effectiveness of CALL. He found: CALL users had a positive attitude toward using CALL and had a high intention and satisfaction to use it in the future due to their perception of its utility and educational benefits. Results also showed a high self-perception of knowledge gain as a result of using CALL (p.134). Furthermore, it is suggested by Trites (2006) that asynchronous communication activities such as email, blogs and key-pal activities can boost student confidence by providing them the opportunity to slow down oral-like exchanges. Students can self-correct, use dictionaries, and take time to search for the right words or for reflection. In addition, most language teachers face the same big problem, which is to get students to respond in a classroom, perhaps because they have no confidence in responding to the teachers and afraid of making mistakes. Therefore, CALL is used to enhance  confidence level of the students. According to Ducate & Lomicka (2005), he concluded that shy students may feel more comfortable in the relatively anonymous and equalizing environment of blogs and may therefore be more willing to share their comments with classmates. It is supported by Hata (2003), who claimed that CALL â€Å"allows collaborative learning activities, encourages participants to take active roles in communication, allows participants to have control over their learning, facilitates negotiation of meaning between students and encourages students to be less self-conscious of their language†(p.117). McIntosh (2005) experimented with an action research project designed to test whether techniques in information and communications technology (ICT) could provide more extension for stronger pupils, to stretch their abilities in language. McIntosh indicates, â€Å"Several new ‘social technologies’ can improve writing and reading skills, as well as encouraging higher order thinking skills† (Personal blog, September 30, 2005). Studies have shown that students are comfortable using CALL technology and feel that it is beneficial to their learning. Many of the applications create an environment where language production and analysis are slowed down, thereby giving students more opportunity to self-pace and self-correct. Furthermore, CALL technology provides a venue where shy students have equal opportunity for participation and do not have to be aggressive to be heard. Students may be more likely to be active participants in the learning process. As a result, they will have more confidence in using English Language in their daily life. Wen-chi Vivian Wu, Ling Ling Yen and Michael Marek (2011) mentioned in their research paper that technology such as computer helps people to interact wherever they are. It just depends on the willingness of people to either use it or not as for example in the world of education where educators can use part of technology as a learning tool. Fresen (2007) also supported the idea of using technology in teaching by stating that the choices of technology is one of the factors in fostering students’ active learning (as cited in Wen-chi Vivian Wu, Ling Ling Yen & Michael Mare, 2011). The use of computer assisted language learning (CALL) such as video conferencing can help students to have real communication which can make them use English regularly (Wen-chi Vivian Wu, Ling Ling Yen & Michael Mare, 2011). This can  make students to feel confident in using English language. It has been supported by Ortega (2009) in which he mentioned that the use of CALL for learning boost students’ confidence in using English (as cited in Wen-chi Vivian Wu, Ling Ling Yen & Michael Mare, 2011). As Reza Dashtestani (2012) said in his journal, there have been changes in educational context whereby students have great interest in the application of computers and technology. With the developments of educational tools, language teachers are trying new ways to integrate technology into teaching methodology. Over a certain period, computer assisted language learning (CALL) become one of the method to replace traditional method of teaching. However, the question is whether the use of CALL is beneficial to boost students’ confidence level. Many studies have examined CALL as an approach to second language instruction. Basically, learners are more motivated in learning when they the process or lea rning is enjoyable. Students’ confidence level can be seen whether they are willing to communicate in using English language. Often time, learners refused to use English language because of embarrassed about making mistakes and lack of fluency. According to Lee (2000), Warschauer and Healey (1998) in research done by Ferit (2013), using CALL in teaching can support learning in variety of ways, enable pair and group work, promote global learning, enhance students achievement and confidence, create opportunities to treasure from various sources and motivate learners. However, to achieve positive result of using CALL, competent teachers that are equipped with skills and strategies were needed to integrate the used of CALL in the classroom. In the research, the respondents got excited and motivated when the teachers introduced blogs and wikis to them in learning writing skills. They felt confident to write and express themselves using English language and willing to correct the mistakes done. The teacher used Voice Thread website by recording voice to teach speaking skills. This method encouraged the learners to speak rather than speaking in front of the class. They refused to use English language in front of their friends because lack of confidence and they think their friends will laugh at them. So, the teacher shifted to new method to boost their confidence in using English language. As mentioned by Kung (2002), it has been recognized by educators that utilizing Computer Assisted Language Learning (CALL) programs can lead to  independent and collaborative learning environments as well as allow students to have language experiences as they acquire their second language which consists of different stages. Computer technology or computer assisted language learning programs can be stimuli for second language learning where it can promote learning motivation (Lee, 2000; Taylor, 1980). It was proposed by Cheng-Chieh Lai and Kritsonis (2006) that â€Å"through various communicative and interactive activities, computer technology can help second language learners strengthen their linguistic skills, affect their learning attitude, and build their self-instruction strategies and self-confidence† (p. 2). Computer technology nowadays provides many benefits for second language learning where it allows learners to become independent and work on their learning material by themselves (Rost, 2002). According to Robertson, Ladewig, Strickland, and Boschung (1987), participants who are involved with computer assisted language learning programs had significantly higher self-esteem ratings than regular students. With the rapid development of technology in this globalized era, Cheng-Chieh Lai and Kritsonis (2006) also stated that: Computers can capture, analyze, and present data on second language students’ performances during the learning process. As we know, observing and checking students’ learning progress are very important activities to help students achieve their second language acquisition (p. 3). Furthermore, technology helps students to learn grammar and writing. According to Thanawan Suthiwartnarueput and Punchalee Wasanasomsithi (2012), the researchers claimed that the students in Thailand had positive attitudes toward using Facebook as a means of learning grammar and writing because Facebook provided them a convenient and attractive means to engage in discussions with the teacher and other users who had better grammatical knowledge. They also claimed that students can construct new knowledge after they interact with other people on Facebook. When students receive comments and suggestions, they can use the information given to improve their language skills. But, as for Abeer H. Malkawi (2010), the students did not depend much on tape recorder to learn English language skills. According to the researcher, the presence of a teacher in a classroom is considered among the most important and they did not put technology as the main source of learning English. Moreover, Lenka Temerovà ¡ (2007) claimed that the students did not feel confident to speak in English even after they listen to different accents of the language. The embarrassment is usually caused by students’ inability to adjust to native speakers’ speech. Some studies were conducted to see the difference of level of confidence between male and female in using CALL. There is a study done by Comber, Colley, Hargreaves, and Dorn (1997) where they found out that male possessed more positive attitudes and confidence more than female. Chapter 3: Methodology 3.1 Introduction The purpose of this study is to find out the usage of CALL in boosting students’ confidence level. For this study, the researchers seek to answer these research questions which are as follow: 1. What are the preferred platforms of technology used by students in learning English? 2. Do students find technology helpful in boosting their confidence in learning English? 3. Is there any difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL? 3.2 Research Design This study will be conducted using quantitative method. Researches will distribute questionnaires to secondary school students to know whether the usage of CALL can increase their confidence level in learning English Language. Researchers plan to use this method because it involves numerical data which later can be calculated easily. 3.3 Population and sampling The researchers use non probability sampling; which is convenience sampling. The sample of this study consists of 30 Form Four students of Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Sultan Abdul Aziz, Teluk Intan Perak. 3.4 Method of data collection The questionnaires were distributed through online, which is Facebook private message. Researcher used Facebook because it saves time, energy and cost. Besides, researcher found that it would be easier for respondents to answer the questionnaire through online. 3.5 Instrumentation Researcher used a set of survey for this study. It was adapted from various researchers; Jenny Brooks, Jia-Chyi Chu, Laura Marquez, Leticia Parsons & Nan Zhang (n.d.) and Dogan Bulut & Ali Farhan Munify Abuseileek (2007). According to Moras (2001), as cited in research done by Sanja Seljan, Norbert Berger, Zdravko Dovedan, there are three phases of CALL. In this study, the researchers adapted questionnaires from various researchers that only focused on two phases, which were Communicative approach and Integrative approach. The Communicative approach focuses skill practice in a non-drill format, such as language games, reading, and text reconstruction. Meanwhile, the Integrative CALL approach is based on multimedia computers and the Internet that combine text, graphics, sound, animation and video. The survey used consists of three sections which were demographic background, section A, and section B. Demographic background is a survey on respondent’s information. Items that had to be filled by respondents are age, school and gender. Section A consists of five general questions about Computer-Assisted Language Learning. Meanwhile, in section B, respondents were required to make a choice based on the level of their agreement. The level of agreement comprised of five stages, 1-strongly disagree, 2-disagree, 3-average, 4-agree, and 5-strongly agree. Section B consists of four questions for each skill in language (reading, listening, speaking, and writing). The questions in this survey were designed based on research questions. 3.6 Validity and Reliability This research used a new developed questionnaire whereby the researchers look into few aspects which are listening, speaking, reading, and writing. The validity of the questionnaire was tested in terms of face validity. Face validity involves process of survey pre-testing to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation of the items. The pre-test was conducted and the  result showed that the items do not violate face validity. This proves that the respondents did not misunderstand the questionnaire. So, this research survey was shown to have high validity. Meanwhile, the reliability of the questionnaire was measured by conducting a pre-test survey to students. A set of questionnaires was distributed to examine the reliability of the items which consists of items that are similar but have different wording. The result of the pre-test was found to be incoherent because the respondents gave different answers for the similar items. Therefore, the items were reviewed and modified in order to increase the reliability of the items. 3.7 Pilot Study The questionnaire was piloted to ten students from Kuliyyah of Engineering in IIUM. The respondents were briefed by researchers about the purpose and way to answer the survey. They were given 15 minutes to complete the survey. The survey was conducted at Kuliyyah of Architecture and Design cafe during lunch hour. The data collected from the survey was tabulated and analyzed using SPSS to determine the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. Due to small sample size of respondents, the Cronbach Alpha was found to be 0.6ÃŽ ± 3.8 Data Collection Procedures and time frame The research began in April until June 2014. It took approximately two months to complete this research. This research used survey as the instrument for data collection. It took several procedures which were getting consent from respondents, briefing about the details of the survey, distributing the survey through online and collecting the data. 3.9 Data Analysis Plan This research consists of three research questions. The first research question is â€Å"What are the preferred platforms of technology used by students in learning English?† The data was analyzed by using Microsoft Excel to see the highest percentage of platform preferred chosen by the respondents. The data was visualized by using bar graph. The second research question is â€Å"Do students find technology helpful in boosting their confidence in learning English?† The items which addressed this research question were constructed  using Likert scale ranging from one to five (strongly disagree to strongly agree). For this research question, the researcher focused on the answer from the respondents which range from four to five because the researcher want to know whether CALL helps to boost students’ confidence level in learning English. The data was illustrated in bar graph by using Microsoft Excel. The third research question is â€Å"Is there any difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL?† The data was analyzed according to gender to see the differences between male and female students ‘confidence level in using CALL. The researcher used the same result from second research question and observed if there is any difference between male and female respondents of their preference in answering the items given. The result that was shown in the bar graph will determine their level of confidence. Chapter 4: Findings Research Question 1: What are the preferred platforms of technology used by students in learning English? Figure 1 Figure 1 showed that 20 out of 30 respondents chose Facebook as their platform in learning English. That took up 66.67% of the respondents. Skype and other platform took up the least number of respondents, with one respondent respectively, which carried 3.33 % of the sample. Research Question 2: Do students find technology helpful in boosting their confidence in learning English? Figure 2 Figure 2 showed three items in the survey which addressed the research question two. The first item is â€Å"I feel confident to use tape recorders in listening classes†. As for the first item, 13 out of 30 which is 43.33% of the respondents agreed that tape recorders help them to be confident in listening class. That was the highest number of preferred answer by the respondents. Meanwhile only seven respondents did not feel confident using tape recorders in listening class that comprises 23.33% of the sample. The second item is â€Å"I feel confident to speak after listening to different accents from English movies†. As for the second item, 20 out of 30 which is  66.67% of the respondents agreed that they feel confident to speak in English after listening to different accent of English native speakers. Meanwhile only four respondents did not feel confident to speak after listening to different accent of English native speakers that comprises 13.33% of the sample. The third item in the survey is â€Å"Chatting using social network helps me write better in English†. As for the second item, 24 out of 30 which is 80% of the respondents claimed that chatting helps them to write better in English. Meanwhile only eight respondents which is 26.67% disagree that chatting helps them to write better in English. Research Question 3: Is there any difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL? Figure3 Figure 3 showed the difference of answers given by both respondents male and female. According to the figure, 27 male respondents agreed that they had high level of confidence in using CALL. Meanwhile, 7 of them did not have the confidence in using CALL. As for female respondents, there were also 27 of them who had high level of confidence in using CALL. Meanwhile, there were 6 female respondents who did not have the confidence in using CALL. So, the level of confidence between male and female was slightly different because there was more number of male respondents who disagreed that they had confidence in using CALL. Chapter 5: Discussions The research showed that the respondents’ preferred platforms of technology in learning English is Facebook. This result is parallel with the previous research done by Thanawan Suthiwartnarueput and Punchalee Wasanasomsithi (2012). They claimed that the students in Thailand had positive attitudes toward using Facebook as a means of learning grammar and writing because Facebook provided them a convenient and attractive means to engage in discussions with the teacher and other users who had better grammatical knowledge. This research also proved that students find technology helpful in boosting  their confidence in learning English. They felt confident to use tape recorder in listening class. This result contradicts with the previous research done by Abeer H. Malkawi (2010). According to her research, the dependence on tape recorder to learn English language skills is low. The author believes that these statistics are disappointing as the percentage of those using tape recorder should be higher since this method is easy to use, has low cost to own, and it can be easy moved from one place to another. Moreover, using the tape recorder can help students record their own statements and hear again. It is unfortunate that the methods of radio and tape recorder are not well-used although they have so many benefits in helping students improve their listening comprehension. The presence of a teacher in a classroom is considered among the most important. Besides, the respondents felt confident to speak after listening to different accents from English movies. This result contradicts with the previous research done by Lenka Temerovà ¡ (2007). According to the researcher, the students did not feel confident even after they listen to different accents of English. The embarrassment is usually caused by students’ inability to adjust to native speakers’ speech. The respondents also agreed that chatting using social network helps them to write better in English. This result is parallel with the previous research done by Thanawan Suthiwartnarueput and Punchalee Wasanasomsithi (2012). According to the researchers, students can construct new knowledge after they interact with other people on Facebook. When students receive comments and suggestions, they can use the information given to improve their language skills. The findings also suggested that there is a slight difference between male and female students’ confidence level in using CALL. There was more number of male respondents who disagreed that they had confidence in using CALL. This was contradicted with the previous study done by Comber, Colley, Hargreaves, and Dorn (1997) where they found out that male possessed more positive attitudes and confidence more than female. Chapter 6: Conclusion In conclusion, CALL is proven to be helpful in boosting students’ confidence level in learning English. Although this research was limited by the small convenience sample and time constraint, the information about the use of CALL could be important for educators who develop educational programs also for students to perform better in English language. The findings of this study suggest that additional works needs to be done on to replicate and extend the study on CALL and students’ confidence level in learning English in other schools. Even if the current finding was stronger, it would be difficult to generalize the finding to other schools. References Cheng-Chieh Lai &Kritsonis, W. A. (2006). The advantages and disadvantages of computer technology in second language acquisition. National Journal for Publishing and Mentoring Doctoral Student Research, 3(1), p.2. Comber, C., Colley, A., Hargreaves, D. J., & Dorn, L. (1997). The effects of age, gender, and computer experience upon computer attitudes. Educational Research, 39(2), pp. 123-133. Dashtestani, R. (2012). Barriers to the Implementation of CALL in EFL courses: Iranian EFL teachers’ Attitudes and Perspectives. Jalt Call Journal, 8(2). Gunduz, N. (2005). Computer Assisted Language Learning .Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 1(2), pp. 193-214. Kung, S. C. (2002). A framework for successful key-pal programs in language learning. CALL- EJ Online, 3(2). Retrieved March 7, 2014, from http://www.clec.ritsumei.ac.jp/english/callejonline/6-2/SCKung.htm Lee, K.W. (2000). English teachers’ barriers to the use of Computer assisted language learning. The Internet TESL Journal, Retrieved June 25, 2006, from http://www.4english.cn/englishstudy/xz/thesis/barrir Maizam Alias &NurulAiniHafizahMohdHafir. (2009). The relationship between academic self-confidence and cognitive performance among engineering students. Academia.edu Share Research. Rost, M. (2002). New Technologies in Language Education: Opportunities for Professional Growth. Retrieved March 7, 2014 from http://www.longman.com/ae/multimedia/pdf/MikeRost_PDF.pdf Robertson, E. B., Ladewig, B. H., Strickland, M. P., &Boschung, M. D. (1987). Enhancement of self-esteem through the use of computer-assisted instruction. Journal of Educational Research, 80(5). Sanja Seljan, N. B. (n.d.). Computer assisted Language Learning. Retrieved March 12, 2014, from http://dzs.ffzg.unizg.hr/text/call.pdf Sieler, A. (1998). Self-confidence. Retrieved March 15, 2014,from http://www.newfieldaus.com Stevens, T. G. (2005).Self-confidence. RetrievedMarch 15, 2014, from http://www.csulb.edu Taylor, R. (1980). The computer in the school: Tutor, tool, tutee. New York: Teachers College Press. Wu, W.-C. V., Yen, L. L., & Marek, M. (2011). Using Online EFL Interaction to Increase Confidence, Motivation, and Ability.Educational Technology & Society, 14 (3), pp. 118– 129. Xu, L. W. (n.d.). Using CALL to Enhance the Confidence of Foreign Language Learners. p.8. Action Research Essay The English Language dominates a higher prestige in the Philippines just as it enjoys a higher part in the Philippine Education System. Thus, authentic English Language teaching and learning environment should be given a full blast attention naturally and effectively. In this age of globalization, where society is being transformed and is transformed by technology, so too are innovative ways in teaching and learning the English subject. It should be noted that as time flies, the number of Filipino English Language Learners has rapidly increased. These learners are full of hopes and dreams to learn the language of the world that every English subject is accountable for. Yet, he/she needs not to be idealist to expect that by the end of the academic year, learners will be great English speakers, readers, spellers, writers and listeners. There may be some variables that may hamper the learning process however this should not block the goal of English teacher to bring the English language in the open. Furthermore, the spread of English as instructional language and the emergence of technology as a fast learning channel should be mutually enforced. Indeed, technology has revolutionized the teaching of the English subject, as the last few decades have affirmed the role of English as â€Å"Lingua Franca† which means any language for communication between groups who no other common language (Matthew, 2009) from this context, the researcher takes the challenge to lead an action in finding out the most effective way to create a better if not the best intervention material in teaching English subject so as to improve the performance of the students. MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY is the answer. The researcher believes that the ability to incorporate educational opportunities that multimedia technology promises will tremendously be the key ingredients in making it possible for English Teachers to address core educational challenge. Moreover, multimedia technology is utilized for the upliftment of modern styles. It somehow satisfies both visual and auditory sense of the students. With the spread and development of English around the world, it has been learned and used by more and more learners. Nonetheless, multimedia technology applies interactive computer elements such as graphics, text, video, sound and animation to deliver a message. On the wings of change the use of multimedia technology should be a must for English teachers because in using such, pictures and images enrich the content of the subject matter. Through the whole interactive process, it can be visibly experienced that using multimedia is effective in nurturing students in learning the English subject at the same time enhances the teacher’s interest in teaching English. As Zhang (2010) points out, multimedia offers students rich resource materials-both authentic and instructional as well as attractive and friendly interface, vivid pictures, pleasant sounds which to a large extent overcomes the lack of authentic language environment and arouses students intense in learning the English subject. By far English teachers should already give walls to traditional teaching as it only gives the class monotony and boredom. They should try something new and different, something that captivates pupils’ attention and interest and that is MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY. Come to think of this, traditional English teaching allows the teacher spend time on writing the vital language points and important information on the chalkboard. While, with the use of MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY, the class becomes more attentive, more active and the teacher just uses the button and keyboard to show significant content in a few seconds. Moreover with the same courseware, the English teacher does not need to write some notes several times in different classes, hence saving time and energy. The researcher observes that pupils tend to be preoccupied with things not connected with the English subject, thus affecting their performance. Nonetheless, the pupils lack learning competencies especially in their grammar skills, noting details, sequencing events, and getting the main idea from a selection being read. Hence, MULTIMEDIA TECHNOLOGY is highly suggested as it increases students motivation to learn. (WanZek et. Al. 2008). With the above literature, the researcher aims to find out the effectivity of multimedia technology in improving the performance of Grade Six section 5 pupils of Mandaluyong Elementary School. Statement of the Problem This action research seeks to find out the effectiveness of multimedia technology as an intervention tool in improving the performance of Grade Six-5 pupils of Mandaluyong Elementary School. Specifically, the study aims to answer the following questions: 1. What is the extent of performance of Grade Six section 5 pupils before and after the use of multimedia technology? 2. Is there a significant difference between the extent of performance of Grade Six section 8 pupils in their English class before and after the use of multimedia technology? Significance of the Study The primordial objective of this study is to provide complete, balanced and modern concepts on the effective use of multimedia technology. Essentially, the researcher believes that result of this study will be significant to the following people: To the Pupils – they will be the direct recipients of the study, they will be more enthusiastic in the English subject upon experiencing multimedia technology in the classroom. To the English Teachers – they will have a better understanding on the use of multimedia technology thus enabling them to adopt such tool thereby improving their skills and strategies in teaching English. To the School Administrators – this study will be of great help as it will create a milleu of awareness about multimedia technology so that they can assist their teachers on the modern teaching of thupplement classroom activities. e English subject. To the Future Researchers – this will serve as a springboard for further research activities on the use of multimedia technology with the purpose of using it to s Conceptual Framework The use of multimedia technology is one effective tool in teaching English. It has to be affirmed that it really enhances pupils comprehension on the subject matter thus improving their performance. Expert and scholars say that multimedia assisted instruction certainly improve learning motivation and attention of learners increases interactivity, satisfies individualized demand and monitors the learning condition of the learner. The researcher will make use of a flow chart that will serve as his road map in coming out with the desired result. It will describe how he will introduce the use of multimedia technology as an intervention material in improving the performance of students in English. The flow chart shows how the result of pre-test will serve as a guiding factor for the researcher to think of the multimedia technology. From this, the improved performance of the pupils should be visibly reflected in their post test. Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study.

Employment Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employment Law - Coursework Example Also, the judiciary seems to have laid its focus on the substance of the relationship rather than its form for its characterisation in law. Thus, a mutuality of obligation, together with elements of control, is usually seen as a prerequisite for a contract of employment to exist. However, it is important to understand that all employees are workers but not all workers are employees. There are two main definitions of the term ‘worker’ currently in use and both of them put within their ambit individuals who work/seek to work under either a contract of employment or any other contract providing for personal obligation towards another party. In other words, a worker is anyone, who works for another person (not necessarily under a contract for employment) other than in a professional or business relationship. Thus the different types of workers are as classified by law, and this is bound to have implications for employment rights. This is because; employment rights and responsibilities are based on employment status, and certain rights and responsibility apply only to ‘employees’ rather than ‘workers’. The trend however, seems to be to widen the scope of law by extending legal rights to ‘workers’ and removing dif ferentiation between the two terms. 9 It is fundamental to employment law that one is able to identify the relationship, whether it be that of an employee or worker or self employment or of an increasingly new variety of relationships that are coming up in the contract of employment.10 This is so, because while the legal arrangements involved could be of mutual satisfaction to the parties involved, it might not be well defined, thus making it difficult to categorise for legal analysis.11 Thus, it becomes necessary to analyse the various work relationships, under which it is possible to undertake work and the means through which they can be distinguished in law. These relationships under which, it is possible to undertake work include: I. Employees: The term ‘employee’ is defined in S. 230, ERA.12 The primary requirement is a contract of employment. However, to determine the existence of an employee-employer relationship, it is necessary to look at the control test, organizational test and the mutuality of obligations, along with an obligation of personal service.13 II. Directors: Directors are officers of the company. However, there is nothing to prevent directors from being employees. They can be employees, provided they have a service contract with the company, either express or implied.14 Besides, it is also important to look at the work conditions, mode of remuneration, and other legal requirements.15 However, it would be necessary to note on whether there has been use of the corporate veil to gain undue advantage, and if that has been done, to disallow the status of an employee.16 Thus, the status of a majoring shareholder or a director as an employee is affected, only if the employment contract is a sham.17 III. Business Consultants: It is seen that people who work in an advisory capacity are not always, strictly speaking, employees. Instead, they fall under the term ‘retainers’.18However, depending on the factual and legal arrangements made, a business consultant can be classified as an employee.19 IV. Office Holders: While an employment contract was a requisite to the work described above, a special category exists, who are not employed by virtue of contract of employment, and are known as office holders.20 Examples of such positions would include trustees, police officers, magistrates

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example The customer has become very choosy and thus he relies more on the communication messages that are put up on the web and other media forms, rather than relying on the TV and newspaper advertising which are some aspects that are a thing of the past (Palser 2007). The customer becomes active nowadays when he realizes that the Internet is a potent force and anything that is put up on it will surely make a huge difference within his life. Also there have other forms of advertising which have literally changed the face of the conventional ways of reaching to the intended target audience. These include the transit advertising forms, the street and pole signs, the road branding techniques, the balloon advertising and so on and so forth (Ha 2003). What all these advertising methods have brought forward is the fact that the customer has become very educated and that he does not need to have a TV or a newspaper to access details about the brand or service which is being highlighted, from the domains of the client in essence. The customer now knows that if he has missed TV and newspaper advertising, he can most definitely go on the web and easily access the same. He can go outdoors and see the street signs and hoardings and thus be in line with whatever is being offered to him all this while. The death of TV and newspaper advertising has happened over a period of time, and not in an overnight fashion (Stoff 2008). This has meant that the TV and newspaper owners had started to understand that their respective mediums have lost the battle as compared to the newer media outlets and methodologies which were making serious mark on the consumers’ minds. What is even more interesting is the fact that the consumers have now realized that the power of the contemporary forms of advertising within their lives has become very significant and that they would rely on

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Tartuffe - Assignment Example According to me it doesn’t work because most of these vices are commited in private and people do not care much weather its embarasing or not for as long as nobody sees them in the act. The play was critisized because it potrayed religion in bad light and as a tool that people use to manipulate others. Their attacks were justified to some extent because religion is expected to be respected as the epitome of morals and virtues but on the other hand it’s also true that religion has been used and abused to disenfranchise other people. In the first scene, Madam Pernelle sounds very convincing and sure of what she is saying while the rest of the characters appear to be full of malice and witch hunt against Tartuffe. The other characters seem to harbour some negative feelings towards Tartuffe. Tartuffe comes through as a very humble and innocent servant of the house. Madam Parnelle is very critical of everyone in the family because of their persived resentment towards Tartuffe. She argues that the rest are envious of tartufe’s good virtures since he reminds them of their ills and moral flaws. Parnelle refers to Damis and Dorine as dunce and secrative respectively while Cleante is too worldly, Elmire is accused of being a spendthrift. Dorine accuses her grand mother of being jealosy since the world is about to drop her off. Tartuffe seems to be the only person to win Pernelle’s approval; she actually asserts that the rest should be greatful to be sharing a roof with such a holy man. Apparently, Madam Parnelle finds flaws with everyone except Tartuffe while the rest find her abrasive, irrational and unaware of Tartuffe’s real character. The love birds in the play resemble those that appear in sitcoms and soup-operas. They potray some sweat and innocent young love while at the same time being vurnarable to opposing forces including the girl’s gurllible father. Organ’s trust towards Tartuffe is motivated by the former’s

Community changes Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Community changes - Scholarship Essay Example was doing a random selection on people who will be given authorization to make changes in our community, I immediately saw this as an opportunity to make a difference. If I were to propose three things that I would promote to achieve a positive change in my community, it would be: First, to provide for the needs of the community, such as feeding the hungry, giving poor families a comfortable place to live in, impart to them the knowledge and skills for livelihood, educate the uneducated, and to give the elderly proper care and attention. I propose these projects that would satisfy every level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, social, esteem, & self-actualization, because I believe that when all is gratified, it is when a person would be most productive and motivated, the key to a prosperous society (Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, n.d.). Second, I would want to set a monthly awareness talks and seminars for the community to participate in. Topics of the talks or seminars would involve how to be a socially responsible neighbor & how to be environmental-friendly in one’s community, and at the same time involve activities that will allow households in a certain neighborhood to get to know each other and learn from each other. This is because I believe that a neighborhood’s health affects individual lives (Neighbourhood Effects | Seminars, n.d.). With this said, to be able to enrich the quality of life in a certain community, it is best to instill positive values within them so as to promote cooperation, integrity, friendliness and good will. We all know that a lot of conflicts we now face in society are caused by indifference, selfishness and abuse towards other people. Thus, if I would be able to develop positive values in a small group of society such as the neighborhood, it would definitely help achiev e a peaceful society in the future. Third, I would want to promote a healthy and active lifestyle which would not only benefit the specific

Observations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Observations - Essay Example Yet, this is futile. This is because each observer tries to interpret Arab Spring in the light of the Revolution that fits his perceptions. Revolutions never happen to be straight jacketed in the context of time. They are influenced by many motivations from the past and continue to influence the future over time. Thereby the significance of the Arab Spring lies in the historical influences that motivated it and the impact it will continue to have on the history in the times to come. The British often take the credit for creating Jordan. Actually Jordan was carved out by the British to reward an Arab supporter. It was after independence that Jordan attained the status of a sovereign kingdom. The Arab state system was created by Britain and France by dismantling the Ottoman Empire. These nations continued to interfere in the internal affairs of the Arab states created by them. It is this factor that has assured the survival of Arab monarchies. The leadership of the Arab protests primarily comprised of social networking youth who had little experience in managing street demonstrations. The Arab protests were not unified. They existed as segregated protests lead by different interest

Privacy Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Privacy Policies - Essay Example For instances it could be the illustration of a website offering information regarding the exercise of personal information, mainly personal information gathered by means of the website by the website owner. Privacy policies frequently encircle facts of what personal information is gathered how the personal information probably will be utilized, the persons to whom the personal information may be revealed, the safety actions taken to defend the personal information, and whether the website employs cookies and/or web bugs.1 A number of websites as well identify their privacy policies by means of P3P or Internet Content Rating Association that is also acknowledged as ICRA, facilitating browsers to without human intervention appraises the level of privacy presented by the site. For this paper the first web site I have selected is the â€Å"www.attwireless.com.† is business website of the AT&T Wireless Inc. AT&T Wireless is the major independently traded wireless mover in the US. AT&T Wireless functions one of the biggest digital wireless networks in North America. AT&T has in the order of 18 million subscribers, and complete-year 2001 revenues of 13.6 billion dollars, AT&T Wireless is enthusiastic to being amongst the preliminary to bring the next generation of wireless goods and services. Nowadays, AT&T Wireless presents customers high-class wireless voice and data communications services and services in the United States, and globally. AT&T Wireless consumers’ gain is the companys declaration to make sure that customers have the exact equipment, the correct calling arrangement, and the correct customer services options these days and tomorrow. For additional services and information you can visit their web site: www.attwireless.com.2 This privacy policy tackles the privacy of AT&T family of company’s buy and sells consumers and web guests in the US, apart

Physics, Roller Coasters Essay Example for Free

Physics, Roller Coasters Essay Roller coasters Additional notes: GPE = m x g x h KE = m x v? The main energy transfers that happen as a car travels along the track from the start of the ride to the end: [1]The rollercoaster car gains gravitational potential energy (GPE) as it travels to the top. Once over the top, the car gains speed as GPE is transferred to kinetic energy (KE). As it travels to the top of another loop, KE is transferred to GPE. Not all the energy is transferred to or from GPE – some is transferred to the surroundings as heat and sound. All moving objects have kinetic energy, KE. The kinetic energy an object has depends on the mass and speed. If the mass doubles, the KE doubles and if the speed doubles, the KE quadruples. Normally energy is lost through sound and heat (friction, air resistance). How the heights of the hills are designed to allow an empty car to reach the end of the ride: [2]The hills are designed so that it is low enough that the momentum of the car from the previous drop carries it up and over the hill. This is why the hills are usually lower towards the end of the ride, because the car has lost momentum due to friction and air resistance. Mainly the consecutive hill must be lower as it will not have enough energy because some of it is lost and sound and heat. Therefore, if the car was to reach the end of the ride, the height of the hills must be lower each consecutive time. How the energy transfers determine the heights of the hills: [4] After the roller coaster is drops from the first hill it does two things with its energy. First, it begins to transform that energy from one form to anotherfrom gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy and from kinetic energy to gravitational potential energy, back and forth. Second, it begins to transfer some of its energy to its environment, mostly in the form of heat and sound. Each time the roller coaster goes downhill, its gravitational potential energy decreases and its kinetic energy increases. Each time the roller coaster goes uphill, its kinetic energy decreases and its gravitational potential energy increases. But each transfer of energy isnt complete because some of the energy is lost to heat and sound. Because of this lost energy, the roller coaster cant return to its original height after coasting downhill. Thats why each successive hill must be lower than the previous hill. Eventually the roller coaster has lost so much of its original total energy that the ride must end. With so little total energy left, the roller coaster cant have much gravitational potential energy and must be much lower than the top of the first hill. This is why the hills must be a certain height, in order to transfer enough GPE into KE. Bibliography: [1] http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_ocr_gateway/forces/themeridesrev2. shtml [2] http://science. howstuffworks. com/engineering/structural/roller-coaster3. htm [3] http://www. coasterforce. com/coasters/technical-info/physics-of-a-coaster [4] http://library. thinkquest. org/26455/amuse/roller/roller01. shtml [5] Collins Additional Sciences B ISBN-13 978-0-00-741531-1 Colin Bell, 2011

Examining The Pop Art Movement

Examining The Pop Art Movement In attempt to bring art back into American daily life, the Pop-art movement depicted elements of popular culture by using common everyday objects, chiefly advertising and product packaging, television and comic strips. The images are portrayed with a blend of humour, criticism and irony. Through this, the movement ascertained the position of art into everyday and contemporary life. It assisted in decreasing the gap between high art and low art and abolished the distinction between fine art and commercial art methods. The Pop-art movement rebuffed the abstract style because of its cultured? And aristocratic nature. (World Wide Art Resources 2009) It was during the 1980s that there was a renewal of interest in the Pop-art of the well known Andy Warhol and contemporaries, this resurgence of interest was known as neo-Pop. Adapted from its forefathers, contemporary Pop-art consists of a reworked form; a revival of identifiable celebrities and objects from popular culture with icons and symbols of the current times. (Art History Archive n.d.) Contemporary Pop-art lends from the past, maintaining the critical evaluation of Western culture, relationships, values and interactions. It frequently satirises celebrities and candidly embraces ideas that are challenging and controversial. Although the bombardment upon society of Popular culture and advertising has become significantly greater since the Pop-art movement began, I believe that the critiques of Pop-art are not appropriate to the original nor the contemporary Pop-art scene. Pop-artists artists have continually been engaged in a crucial dialogue with mass culture. They are noted for exploiting these increasingly despised images of mass culture in order to facilitate the critical examination of the effects of consumerism on human thought, emotion and creativity and challenging our assumptions about the purpose and identity of art in a world inundated with media images and messages (University of Virginia 2006), as the following examples by contemporary artists will demonstrate. (expand on this?) Jeff Koons is perhaps the most renowned Pop-artist of the current day. He addresses societys fixation with Pop culture and counteracts the division between appearance and reality, surface and depth, and art and commodity (reword more?)Koons forms his art pieces on consumer products and manipulates everyday objects in order to overemphasise mass-produced cultural objects while uncovering the nuances of marketing. In difference to his 1960s forbearers, Koons desire is to remark on societies psychological investment in consumerism and how these consumer products are fabricated to allure. (Art Knowledge News n.d.) Jeff Koons first exhibition was titled Equilibrium, which was displayed in 1985. One of the defining features of this decade was the forceful growth of consumerism. For this exhibition he produced a series of works displaying consumer items in glass cases. In Three Ball Total Equilibrium Tank (Fig 1), three basketballs were suspended in a glass case, surrounded by authentic Nike posters displaying basketball players in positions of power. The posters in the work represent sport as a means to achieve fame and fortune for young working-class Americans. The posters almost exclusive use of black athletes not just as stars, but in roles associated with elevated power and respect is a comment on the traditional social system that in reality refutes this power or respect to a large majority of African-Americans. According to Koons, the suspended basketballs also suggest death and fame, the ultimate states of existence. (Tate Collection n.d.) Koons Made in Heaven (Fig 2) series is a collection of overtly sexually explicit photographs and sculptures featuring the artist in moments of sexual passion and intimacy with his then pornstar wife Cicciolina. The exuberant images were first displayed during the 1990 Venice Biennale, among more conventional forms of expression. The series produced both shock and excitement among audiences, and stirred much controversy in the art world with a scandalous subject matter that pushed the limits of twentieth century censorship. Although pornography has been a widely acknowledged aspect of society, it deemed controversial because it is a form of Popular culture that was and still remains taboo in polite company. Koons is notorious for testing the boundaries of acceptable taste; his intention in Made in Heaven was to critically examine love, romance and sexual desire, involving the viewer by making them a contributor to the artwork, as most pornography necessitates an outside viewer to be c lassified as such. (Christies 2009)The Made in Heaven series was also in part a response to The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden, by the fifteenth century painter Massacio. Koons remarks, In The Expulsion, theres all this guilt and shame that were on Adam and Eves faces, and I wanted to make a body of work that was about guilt and shame and the importance of removing that, so that people could have transcendence over guilt and shame in their own history. (Nance 2010) Made for part of his Banality series, is Michael Jackson and Bubbles (1988) (Fig 3), a six feet long ceramic gilded white and gold statue depicting mega Pop-star Michael Jackson with his pet monkey Bubbles, immortalised as cultic and sacred personalities in an idealised state. Its initially blatantly kitsch appearance gives way to reveal its hyper-realistic approach to evoke the fragility of modern days most eminent star. The situation illustrated in the piece deals with societys idolisation and the ever more bizarre media narrative of Michael Jacksons life. Koons states, It really wasnt so much about Michael Jackson. It was about celebrity status, and about hopes, ideals, hierarchies that are placed on structures which take human form. (Nance 2010) Michael Jackson is the archetype of the glamorous, eccentric tragic and ambivalent and Koons encourages numerous interpretive possibilities. (Astrup Fearnly Museum n.d.) An additional example of a contemporary Pop-artist is American sculptor, Daniel Edwards. His sculptures deal with celebrity and Pop culture in a manner that frequently rouses controversy. The release of his works are usually paired with a press release. (Capla Kesting Fine Art n.d.) While frequently denigrated for his use of celebrity, Edwards artwork are also acknowledged as prophetic and consistent in their capacity for humanising social issues that the media and public have difficulty addressing. Autopsy of Paris Hilton (2007) (Fig 4) was produced as a confrontational and graphic interactive display to communicate to the young the dangers of drink driving. The sculpture is life-sized and depicts Paris Hilton sprawled on a bench with her legs splayed. In one hand she clutches her mobile phone whilst in the other is a glass of wine, in this sculpture she has supposedly died as a result of her drink driving, in which in reality she has been convicted of on numerous occasions. The public are encouraged to remove her innards through a cavity in her abdomen, giving a coroners perspective. Contained within this cavity is also her uterus containing twin dead foetuses, which Edwards says is to bring attention to the teen pregnancy crisis. The sculpture is an attempt to de-glamorise the life of a diva and partier which Hilton is renowned for.(Rayme 2007) The sculpture perhaps also alludes to the cult which is celebrities and their every occurrence and the media and publics unquenchable hunger to get as close as possibly to their idols. Daniel Edwards Monument to Pro-Life: The Birth of Sean Preston (2006) (Fig 5), portrays celebrity Britney Spears in a position of natural birth, whereas in fact she gave birth to her son via c-section and was heavily drugged. The piece created much political debate. According to Edwards it promotes pro-life. At its reveal he called his piece an image of birth and mentioned that it was a new take on the pro-life perspective. He states that pro-lifers generally endorse bloody images of abortion and his aim is to generate debate about a topic that is as he states greater than either pro-life and pro-choice advocates. (Rayme 2007) Japanese artist Masumasa Morimura is a well-known example of appropriating worldwide recognised images taken from mass media and popular culture In my view, there can be no generalisation about the quality, meaning and social significance of works of art, given the discrepancies of aesthetic responses and interpretations. Furthermore, Donald Kuspits view expressed in his article suffers owing to the fact that he assumes that artists should be critics of society rather than witnesses or simply narrators of it. Kuspit is an example of a critic who universalises his personal opinion of Pop-art and delivers his judgement whilst ignoring other responses to Pop. (Walker 2009) Pop art was and still remains one of the most popular styles of art, it was successful in communicating to the general public in a mode in which few art movements did or have since done. (Encyclopedia of World Art n.d.) The reality that Pop-art is effective in generating such a broad range of responses is a tribute to its at first seemingly ambiguous character, a testament that it is more complex and diverse than some critics have accepted, and an indication that it is not as trivial and straightforward as some commentators believe. (Walker 2009)

Strategic change management at the Citibank

Strategic change management at the Citibank Citibank, a major international bank, is the consumer banking arm of financial services giant Citigroup. Citibank was founded in 1812 as the City Bank of New York, later First National City Bank of New York. As of March 2010, Citigroup is the third largest bank holding company in the United States by total assets, after Bank of America and JP Morgan Chase. Citibank has retail banking operations in more than 100 countries and territories around the world. More than half of its 1,400 offices are in the United States, mostly in New York City, Chicago, Los Angeles, the San Francisco Bay Area, and Miami. More recently, Citibank has expanded its operations in the Boston, Philadelphia, Houston, Dallas, and Washington, D.C., metropolitan areas. In addition to the standard banking transactions, Citibank offers insurance, credit card and investment products. Their online services division is among the most successful in the field,[citation needed] claiming about 15 million users. As a result of the global financial crisis of 2008-2009 and huge losses in the value of its subprime mortgage assets, Citibank was rescued by the U.S. government under plans agreed for Citigroup. On November 23, 2008, in addition to initial aid of $25 billion, a further $25 billion was invested in the corporation together with guarantees for risky assets amounting to $306 billion. Since this time, Citibank has repaid their government loans in full. Citibank was one of the first U.S. banks to introduce automatic teller machines in the 1970s, in order to give 24-hour access to accounts. Customers could use their existing Citicard in this machine to withdraw cash and make deposits, and were already accustomed to using a machine with a card to get information that previously required a teller. In April 2006, Citibank struck a deal with 7-Eleven to put its automated teller machine (ATMs) in more than 5,500 convenience stores in the United States. In the same month, it also announced it would sell all of its Buffalo and Rochester, New York, branches and accounts to MHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_BankHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT_BankT Bank. Introduction Change Management is a set of process of an individual is been moved to another process for making the success or to achieve the objectives of the organisation. For eg If a person works in india is an process expert if the company wants to start a new branch in America. Then what the company should do? The Company should take a fair decision by moving the employee from india to America. So that he is aware of the process and he select the skilful person who is worth for this project. So change in the world is common and good for the surrounding as well. But the change should make profit for an organisation objectives. Strategic change management is an intergrated process in the organisation by creating the strategy and implementing in to work activities. By implementing we need to monitor the activities work done by the employee so based on the regular check we can make a change to the organisation as well as it will increase the economic growth of business. Change management is a well structured designed approach by interchanging the person or team from a current state to a desired state or company wants him to go for a particular state to accept the current change in business environment for the growth of organisation. Task 1 2.1 Need for Change: The Changes are happening in the organisation of both external and internal issues. The following issues of point are below: Drastic change in the global market growth Changes in economic downturns Serious changes in business strategy Technological changes in business Expanding business widely All Organisation have to make their own changes, otherwise they will be moving in the same tempo, they cant achieve more what the other does. So strategic changes is something very essential for a business success. To mee the challenges definitely the organisation needs a change from both the external and internal environment Citibank as a private are facing some of the challenges, the following below changes are below : Economic downturn : Everyone is aware the global market is in a serious crisis position now. In this situation badly affected country in America and Europe. Because of Lehman brother bankrupt the company finding a hard position now. Lehman brother was 4th largest investment bank in the USA, because of the bankruptcy the America is in a critical situation. This should not happen to others banks, So because of this every bank is using new strategy to overcome with this situation. This economic downturn made a great collapse on banking sector. Competitive pressure : India is the second largest population in the country. In india we can find many private banks to its best and they give the service to the custome is also outstanding. Now this is the time every bank should use the strategy to bring customers with our bank. So the Citibank has started a new facility by transferring the funds to other banks by NEFT. This was not introduced in the othere banks. So everyone attention has turned to Citibank. So this is there we need to implement the strategy and make successful. So this would create a competitive pressure to other banks. Technological Development: In last few years technology has been developed a vast and it helps in many ways for us. Some of the banks dont have facility of transferring the funds to other person for the same bank he has the account. We can transfer the amount but it will take one day for registration then we can transfer the money. Citibank has came up with new strategy by with in a minute money will be transferred to the account. If we had that person in to the payee list. Because of the technological development it make very easier to the customer. Planning for extension: Citibank atm has lot of branch over Chennai and Mumbai cities, as a feed back from customers they have opened lot of atms for customers welfare. So by creating a wide extension they can retain their largest market position. Stake holders demand: Its nothing but who participates in the organisation by directly or indirectly. Directly means those who have invested the money in the organisation. Their demand is like company should earn profit and they have to top listed in the global market. Indirectly means customers, their demand is like online services, atm services, deposits and payment in online. So this will motivate the bank for change. 2.2 Driving Factors that influence the change: Changes does not take place in every short while, There are some important driving factors which plays to be an important role for change in the organisation. There are two parts of factor external and internal. External Factors : The External environment factors are of two different types the general environment and task environment. External Environment : The general environment of organisation are listed below: Political changes and implementation of a new government Current economy changes such as rising down of stock market and exchange rates Technological change which may affect the human life in both products and process Legal implication of new government polices Clearly these factors are apart from influence in change in the organisation. Definitely the organisation will over come the challenges would do well and anticipate to these development as they translate directly or either a threat that must overcome an opportunity. Internal environments: Internal factors play a major role for changing in an organisation. These factors are driving the change and make the organisation support for achieving the objective. Change of Management: Each and every organisation make a change over the chief executive officer after some years of service. When a new chief executive office comes in to the organisation make some new strategic changes to the organisation. Financial Issue: Generally every organisation want to make the budget competitive for the project. They need the output result to be effective in minimum budget. This is what every organisational objective. In some times this wont work out in some of the projects, in this case they will make the change to cut down the budget amount. Technological Development: In this modern world everyday a lot of new inventions have been invented new by the scholars to promote the business, make the life convenient and comfortable. Organisation can advertise their business by the technology they can use the opportunity and competite others. In case of Citibank, have some of the factors which driven its change in the last few years. Economic Downturn : In the global recession Citibank has been badly affected for eg Citibank back end BPO projects have been outsourced to india in the name of Citigroup global services, once the recession affected the market as well as the bankrupt of lehman brothers as affected the America badly. At that time citigroup has been acquired by TATA CONSULTANCY SERVICES. Otherwise it would be difficult for the organisation to continue their business. Political issue: Generally according to the new government rules and regulation, the bank will adhere to the policy and make a new strategy according to the new legislation. Technological Development : When comparing with other bank always Citibank at the top. Their service is outstanding eg online service is user friendly to the customers. They make use of the full technology development. Customers expectation : Citibank always fulfil their customer needs. Eg they provide sms service to pay the bill or to know the outstanding amount of the bill. Apart from that they are doing extra services like paying the mobile bill, electricity bill etc. Demographical situation : Citibank has lot of branch in india and other main cities like Chennai and Mumbai, So they have the plan to open the brach in remote villages of citi for the benefit of the customer request and the feedback. This will creat a extra ordinary change in socio economy of india. Pressure from the rivals: Generally in india there are lot of private banks which is very competitive, Citibank has done many strategy changes to make the bank as unique, for eg. Those who lend the money for mortgage, the citi has came front and offer loan in an attractive interest to the customers. The above factors discussed here which plays the major role for change in the organisation. I have not listed down all the factors. Whatever the factor that is not important, organisational change is the process which is related to growth of the organisation. Its failure or success but the change is very important to the organisation to achieve the organisational objective. 2.3 Resource Implications : Resources are the major factors of the organisation. The better resources can bring the revenue and opportunity to the organisation. Organisation use different resources to achieve their goals. The major resources used by the organisation are described below : 1. Human Resources 2. Financial Resources 3. Physical Resources Human Resources : Human resources is the most important resources in the organisation. They maintain all other department in the organisation like, admin, cafertaria, marketing, supplier etc. HR team is the one who recruit people for other department. If a new process comes to the organisation they are one who recruit people according to the criteria of the process. HR team facilitates other roles in the organisation like employees needs and trainings etc. To achive the organisational goal change is much needed for organisation. Financial Resources : Finance is very much important to the organisation, with out that nothing can be done. For each and everything we need finance. Eg to give training to employees and induction to new people for each and everything we need money. So the company will focus on finance, they need a good output with minimum budget. In the recession period many of the banks have faced the problems. Some of the banks have reduced the salary of the employees of the bank. Physical Resources : Physical resources support the human resources department to do the job properly in a right way. For eg human resources cannot do all the work with out proper physical resources. Infrastructure, transportation, machine are coming under the physical resources which can help for human resources and together they can achieve for organisational growth. 3.1 Systems of involving stakeholders: Stakeholders are the people who have interest in the organisation or have influence or power over it. For changes in the organisation stakeholders plays a major role. The internal stakeholders have more power and more interest. Some have low powe and high interest. Stakeholders support is very essential to organisation with out their support changes is not possible. The Key stake holders may divide into two categories: Internal and External Internal Stakeholders : Internal stakeholders are people who work inside the organisation is called internal stakeholders. For eg customer, employees and management. They are the most effective to the changes happening in the organisation. External Stakeholders: The people who are outside the organisation are called external stakeholders. For eg supplier, buyer, government etc. Stakeholders of Citibank: Citibank stakeholders play a major role in changes of organisation. They are the one who accept change and make it successful. With out them changes is not possible. They have to accept the change so that we can achieve our organisational objective. The stakeholder of Citibank can describe as following: Investors : The investors of bank is vey important. In that stakeholder is the investor. So he is more important to organisation. So they have the full influence to changes in the organisation. Employees: Employees of the organisation plays a major role in change of organisation. When the changes need to the organisation, the direct support comes from the employees to change or resist the change. All the employees of the bank in the organisation are key stake holders of the organisation. Management: Management is solely responsible for the growth of the organisation. They are the one who implement the strategy and implement in day to day activities and make success for the organisation. Customers: Cutomers are the asset to the organisation, when the changes place in the organisation customer focus to the organisation. As well as bank is very keen on customer when the change is going on. Share holders: Shareholders are the owner of the organisation. The bank gives high priority to the shareholders, with out their decision the bank cannot change anything in the organisation. Shareholders have high interest and high priority in the organisation. Community: Community is something very important, bank have to look around whats happening because some of the muslim banks are giving interest free as that is religious to them. So like that we need to give low interest of mortgage to customers, so that customer attention will turn around. Government: Government is one type of stakeholder in the organisation. Because we are paying corporate tax to the government as well as they have the strong power on the business. Bank obeys legislative roles made by the government. Stakeholders of the organisation has every power to change in the organisation and implement the change in day to day activities. Once the stakeholder gives the suggestion, management will think about the change and implement the same in to organisation. The stakeholders have more privilege to occur the change in the organisation as they have more interest in the organisation. 3.2 Involving stakeholders in the change management strategy: Involving stakeholders in the strategy change is depend on the realationship between the stakeholders and the organisation. The steps involving stakeholders are below: Identifying their interest in organisation Identify the output strategic challenges Graph the relationship between Recongnise the important stakeholder from the organisation As per mendelows matrix the stakeholders of categorisation is described below High power + High interest = Investors, Executive body High Power + Low interest = Government, Low power + High interest = Employees, shareholders Low power + Low interest = Customers, community 3.3 Evaluation of the systems used to involve stakeholders: Change in the organisation will be success only if we regularly do the audit check on that particular changes. So we can be aware of whats happening because the impact of failure of an effective change can be very high, losing in market, changing in senior management, losing of employees. In the recent Citibank has made a major changes in the organisaiton : They have message services, online services those who lend the money for mortage is very low interest to the cutomers. By implementing this changes they have used some methods to involve its stakeholder in the change management strategy. Meetings : Citibank has arranged meeting with his stakeholders to share the view of change in the organisational strategy Coaching: Citibank is regularly monitoring the employees. If an employee sticks in to the same process for two to three, years the employee will feel very bored to work, so he needs a change, so the organisation will come front and give coaching about the other process, so that employee should be ready to accept the change. Delegating: Its one of the methods to involve the stake holders in the change management process. The management can assign some of the task by dividing between the team to delegate the work properly. This will make a huge change process in the organisation. Presentation: It is one of the useful methods to understand the stakeholder. The bank will set up power point presentation and make them understand what we are doing in the organisation. So that stakeholders are aware of what we are doing in the organisation. 3.4 Resistance to change Resistance to change can be defined as an person or team engaging in acts to stop or disrupt an attempt to introduce change. Resistance itself can make different forms from undergoing of change initiatives in the organisation. Two types of resistance can be considered: Resistance to the content of change : A change in the technology or innovative to a particular reward for recognition. Resistance to the process of change : This type of change is for the affected employees. With out prior information a job is been assigned to the employees. After management knows they go for a change in the organisation. Steps should be taken to manage the resistance of change in the organisation : Negotiation Edit Review Management should be aware of whats going around in the organisation, because change in the organisation is something is not very easy to change. First the management teams go for the discussion and comes to the conclusion what should be implemented or not in the organisation. Then again they have to set up the meeting for the stakeholders, we need to explain the advantages of the changes in the organisation to shareholders and make them understand. At last we have to convey the changes to the employees. We conclude for whatever the changes might be in the organisaiton. And what ever the reason the changes have made necessary to implement in the organisation. The changes in the organisation is very much effective to achieve organisational objectives. Models of Strategic Change: There are many models of strategic change: 7S Model Mckinsey Five stages transition circle Kulber Rose Eight steps to successful change John p kotters Change management model Kurt luwin Casual Change model Burke Litwin 7S model of Mckinsey : The 7S model can be used in a variety of situation where an alignment perspective is useful, below are the following examples: It helps to improve the performance of the company Managers are willing to examine and learn its intention and reason and execute the model It will help to create a great business Strategy : Plan for allocation of a firm scarce resources, overtime to reach identified goals. Structure : The organisation is well structured and centralized. System : Day to day work in organisation and procedures should be follow employee Shared Values: This deals a major value to the company that influence the corporate culture and the general work in organisation. Style: The key role of manager is adopted in the organisation. Staff: Number of employees in the organisation. Skills: Highly skilled employees are working in the organisation. The Mckinsey 7S model involves seven interdependent factors which are categorized as either hard or soft elements: Hard elements are Strategy, Structure and System. Soft elements are Shared values, skills, style and staff. Hard elements are easier to define or identify and management can directly influence them: These are strategy statements; organization charts and reporting lines; and formal processes and IT systems. Soft elements, on the other hand, can be more difficult to describe, and are less tangible and more influenced by culture. However, these soft elements are as important as the hard elements if the organization is going to be successful. Placing Shared Values in the middle of the model emphasizes that these values are central to the development of all the other critical elements. The companys structure, strategy, systems, style, staff and skills all stem from why the organization was originally created, and what it stands for. The original vision of the company was formed from the values of the creators. As the values change, so do all the other elements. 1.2 Evaluations of relevance of models of strategic change: Organisation is making changes according to the current situation and current economy. There are so many models in strategic change but we cannot implement all the strategy in to the organisation. We need to implement the correct strategy in a right time to execute the success of the organisation. Among the other models of strategic change Kurt Lewins model is used in most of the cases. Organisation should use this model for strategic change for organisational development. For a change organisation should change the chief executive officer and the managing director for achieving the organisational objective. So that new managing director introduce new online banking service and atm service. At the beginning the employees wont accept the change. But later on we should tell the advantage of the changes in to the organisation. Then the new executive of the bank go for a change to manage the organisation. First the bank should arrange the meeting with the branch manager and the whole employee of the organisation and the backend team. And they should make understand the changes and benefits to the organisation. When the managers understand the importance of change in the organisation, then they will cascade the message to the employees, in this way all the employees will ready for the change and move for their comfort zone. Secondly the management should be aware of changes is very important in the organisation. This stage of change is needed when the situation arises for the organisation. The changes will make the employees training, mentoring, groupdiscussion, so that employees could learn the changes and implement in the work. At the end change has been made now the managers and employees together should perform and achieve the goals of the organisaiton. 1.3 Assessment of the value of using strategic interventions techniques in organisations : The field of organisation using a variety of processes, approaches, methods, techniques, applications to address organisational issues and to achieve the organisational objective and to increase the performance of the organisation. Human process interventions: With todays strong importance on human values. The following interventions are getting a great deal to the organisaiton. And that will change the organisation to different reach over the customers. The human process will do a project and make them understand the benefits of change over the organisation. The following interventions will be helpful to change the projects in the organization. New employees, different cultures working together, many complaints among organizational members, many conflicts, low morale, high turnover, ineffective teams, etc. Guiding Individuals Training Counselling Motivating Mentoring Leading in front Group based Group Discussion Built the team Management conflict Virtual teams Self directed work teams These strategic change interventions will make a huge change in the organization. The organization arranged training for the employees and they should monitor the self evaluation of the employee. This will make the change in operational system successfully. 4.1 Develop appropriate model for change: Today organization face rapid change like never before, Globalization has increased the market and opportunities for growth and revenue. Ability to manage change to meet the stakeholders needs is very important by todays leaders and managers. Step one: Create urgency For change to happen, it helps if the whole company really wants it. Develop a sense of urgency around the need for change. This may help you spark the initial motivation to get things moving. Identify potential threats, and develop scenarios showing what could happen in the future. Examine opportunities that should be, or could be, exploited. Start honest discussions, and give dynamic and convincing reasons to get people talking and thinking. Request support from customers, outside stakeholders and industry people to strengthen your argument. Step Two: Form a Powerful Coalition Identify the true leaders in your organization. Ask for an emotional commitment from these key people. Work on team building within your change coalition. Check your team for weak areas, and ensure that you have a good mix of people from different departments and different levels within your company. Step Three: Create a Vision for Change A clear vision can help everyone understand why youre asking them to do something. When people see for themselves what youre trying to achieve, then the directives theyre given tend to make more sense. Create a strategy to execute that vision. Ensure that your change coalition can describe the vision in five minutes or less. Practice your vision speech often. Step Four: Communicate the Vision Its also important to walk the talk. What you do is far more important and believable than what you say. Demonstrate the kind of behaviour that you want from others. Talk often about your change vision. Openly and honestly address peoples concerns and anxieties. Apply your vision to all aspects of operations from training to performance reviews. Tie everything back to the vision. Lead by example. Step Five: Remove Obstacles If you follow these steps and reach this point in the change process, youve been talking about your vision and building buy-in from all levels of the organization. Hopefully, your staff wants to get busy and achieve the benefits that youve been promoting. Figure: Force field analysis In the above figure, we see that there are some forces which want the proposed change called driving force Firstly identified these both forces to implement change in right way. Then it arranged sitting with the restraining forces to develop a sense of urgency into them and use the driving forces to motivate the opposition rather than contradiction. Secondly the bank found some powerful people who positively support the need for change. It formed coalition with authority, delegation, status and expertise. It also ensures the team to have a good mix of people from different levels and different areas. Finally, it developed a sense of need of change in all kind of stakeholders of the bank e.g. customers, employees, directors, investors, community and others. It also introduced reward people for making change happened. 4.2 Plan to implement a model for change: Organisations use some tools to implement a model for change. Organisational development, business process re-engineering, delayring and rightsizing, push and pull strategy are the most common tools used for implementation of change model. Business process re-engineering: Business process reengineering (often referred to by the acronym BPR) is the main way in which organizations become more efficient and modernize. The two cornerstones of any organization are the people and the processes. Even the act of documenting business processes alone will typically improve organizational efficiency by 10%.engineering transforms an organization in ways that directly affect performance. 1) Envision new processes 2) Initiating change 3) Process diagnosis 4) Process redesign 5) Reconstruction 6) Process monitoring The most common approach to process improvement is to take an under-performing process, which is key to achieving the business objectives, and set about a systematic analysis to determine the most important areas for overhauling. These are then tackled on a project-by-project basis. The analysis and improvement is tackled by a temporary Process Improvement Team drawn mainly from people within the process. We may conclude the point in this way that organisations need to use techniques before implementation of any change. Otherwise it may bring disaster for the organisation by resistance force to change. It also recommended that various tools or techniques may be used in integrated way for implementation of change in the organisations. 4.3 Appropriate measures to monitor progress: Effective change is needed to monitor the progress of change. Monitoring the progress of change is most important for effective change. Change is a process, where there might be some wrong with people and some wrong with process. Change does not take place without proper monitoring over the process. Managers are required to keep an eye on the ongoing change and the reaction of this change. The evaluation of change progress can divide into following categories. Goal-based evaluation<