Obesity Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Obesity - Term Paper ExampleHowever, wellness issues are not the only problems associated with obesity there are also certain economic aspect effects of it (Sandman, 2007). Different nutritionists and dieticians suggest a number of solutions and cures for this disease. However, there are a few major categories where the first one is in the form of dieting in which the aim is to cut down on consumption of fattening food. Another popular technique is working out, which includes aerobics, yoga, gym, wait training and many others (Wright, 2004). some(a) people use the combination of these both with a proper weight loss plan, which is another technique. to a fault taking prescribed medication is essential to control obesity as medicines control appetite (Caprio, 2006). as well the surgical options have started to work more and more with the passage of time. Obesity is a disease that has no boundaries and is common amongst all age groups, gender and ethnic backgrounds. It is an epidemic that has spread all around the globe. Statistics say that 31% of Americans are considered obese with a BMI crossing 30 (Grossman, 2004). Works Cited Butcher, Kristin F. Childhood Obesity Trends and authorisation Causes. The Future of Children, 16, 2006 Caprio, Sonia. Treating Child Obesity and Associated Medical Conditions. The Future of Children, 16, 2006 Grossman, Michael. The Economics of Obesity. Public Interest, 2004 Sandman, Nirit.

Company Law - Capital Dividend Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Company Law - Capital Dividend - Essay ExampleIn this regard, directors should be considering the passing of sh beholders as well as their interest should also be considered carefully1. Furthermore, apart from framing strategies for the obtainment of greater value, they should also consider how this value is to be distributed among the investors and other stakeholders possessing a certain degree of interests in the gild lettuce. Consequently, while a company intends to generate profits and share it partially among the shareholders, one of the important issues that deal to be considered by the directors is whether the distribution of dividends or payments to shareholders are made in accordance to Companies Act ripe within the region2. In recent times, there has been a strict line established in the UK in relation to compliance with legal requirements for distributions. In this regard, directors may find themselves at risk of liability if they kick in dividends in breach of the rules even if the breach tends to be technical other than substantive. The laws governing distributions of dividends in the UK are particularly incorporated in the Part 23 of Companies Act 2006. The law is applicable in twain the contexts where accounts are prepared according to Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or International Financial insurance coverage Standards (IFRS)3. The Companies Act 2006 makes it mandatory for all the companies to follow the rules and regulations prescribed in the Act owing to which, any port of non-compliance tends to generate legal actions against the company. With this concern, the paper intends to provide a clear understanding of dividend sharing laws, governing in the context of UK Companies and further makes analysis of issues that need to be considered by both private and public companies in the course of making payments to shareholders. Understanding the Laws Relating To Dividends in UK According to Part 23 of Companies Act 2006, distribution to shareholders authority every description of a company assets to its members, whether in cash or otherwise, subject to certain exceptions4. The light upon aspects that Companies Act 2006 states affirms any company in the UK to be eligible to make distributions only out of their profits earned. Accordingly, the profits available for the distribution is determined as total accumulated realised profits little total accumulated realised losses5. It is worth mentioning on this ground that not everything documented as profits is realised in certain circumstances, where the accounts are prepared under the standards of IFRS. For instance, a gain on revaluation of companies investment property can be documented as profit under the rules prescribed by IFRS but it cannot be referred as a realised profit6. In addition to this, public companies are need to decipher extra cautious attitude and check that their available net assets, after making distribution, do not fall less t han the aggregate called-up share detonator as well as militia which are not assigned for distribution, such as share premium accounts, revaluation reserves and capital redemption reserves. Furthermore, the Act also prescribes those directors of the companies to consider their fiduciary duties prior to

Personal values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal values - Essay ExampleIn this regard, what matters is the level of satisfaction a person gets from my go (Black, 2013). The most ethical behavior must prevail in case of each dilemma. One of the most challenging situation is the bias and complexities that arise from some patients and their families. For example, families may require that I do not tell the patient about his or her condition accurately. However, I am springtime by the professional code of conduct to explain to the patient. As such(prenominal), there arises a conflict.From the discussion above, utilitarianism is the supposititious framework that describe my ethical behavior. I endeavor to make sure that my patients get the best services from me. The most ethical decision must enhance the care and hence utility received by patients. For example, I believe it is ethical to administer anesthetic or painkillers to patients with extreme pain regardless of the whether such action is allowed, as long it does not i nterfere with

Ebusiness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ebusiness - Research Paper ExampleII. Competitor assessment The nearest competitor of the business is Dell Computers that in addition allow customization of personal computers to some extent. Dell Computers just rely too a great deal on its own brand and suppliers that charge premium prices which is its disadvantage. This is where the business depart position against Dell Computers to gain market share. The order will customize computers at a much lower cost because the parts that will make up the assembled computers will be coming from dissimilar suppliers affording customers greater latitude in wrong specification and price. Other popular brands that sells online are also competitors still serves a different niche of customers who are not into customization of budget computers and much(prenominal), not direct competitors. The traditional brick and daub computer stores are also competitors only that the company john readily beat them in terms of price due to companys lo wer overhead cost. III. Online marketing strategy The best sort to gain market share is to differentiate from other competitors and serve a particular niche. In subject of the proposed company, the crop will cater to two types of customer. First, the technical users who would like to customize the performance of their computers. Second, the budget conscious(p) users or business that are looking for ways on how to save on their computer grease ones palms To be able to reach this target customers, the company must be able attract their attention. This can be done in several ways. First, the company can post ads in technical web situations such as PC magazine, or counterbalance business websites such as The Economist where a association in such sites can land to the companys homepage. It can also advertise with Google and even Amazon. Initially, it may suffice that the target customers has been informed of the companys presence. But succeding marketing efforts should translate t hese product awareness into sales. Second, the company can sponsor popular blogs for review of certain computer parts that would melt down the customers to visit the companys website in their effort to know more about the product. If they are concerned with the particular product, they can order it right there and then increasing the companys sales. The company can also offer free online publication to those who would visit and register in the website to keep in touch with these potential customers. IV. Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Strategy There are several methods to hone SEO for the site that would increase traffic and eventually to an increased sales. First, key words that is best associated with the company such as customized computers, computers, pc etch that would link popular search engines such as google, yahoo, bing etch to the site due to the usage of spiders that associate certain words to certain website. V. Social media integrating Social media integration is no w a need for business especially for online businesses where it has to make its presence felt by the customers. It also serves as a free advertisement of the company and can be taken as an university extension of its official website where customers can inquire or look for information. Facebook would be an ideal venue because of its universal appeal. chirrup can be used for short

MEMO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MEMO - Essay ExampleWaste water treatment has brought into light various ethical dilemmas face up the transport industry (Hall, Prichard, Kirkbriod et al. 2012).Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) needs to adopt stringent environmental regulations aimed at ensuring good water quality. Over the years, waste water treatment plants have changed their management practices. The WWTP highly depends on a technical body of knowledge based on past practice, applied engineering and environmental sciences. This is an effort to ensure that the environment is kept safe and in an acceptable condition. WWTP are considering installing more(prenominal) additional treatment tanks to achieve very low phosphorous levels. To as low as 0.009 to 0,05 mg/l (EPA 5). Additionally, the WWTP are considering installing additional treatment so as to meet the growing water needs for the rapidly growing population.The conventional wastewater treatment method involves the physical, chemical, and biological processe s and operations to change solids, Organic material and some nutrients from wastewater .in stage one, the preliminary treatment stage, coarse and other ample solid materials are left to settle out of the wastewater and later taken to the landfill (Environmental Commissioner of Ontario, 2003). This stage involves caterpillar tread screen, removal of grit and comminution of large objects. In the grit chambers, the water velocity is maintained sufficiently high, and mail is utilize to prevent the solids from settling down. Comminutors are sometimes used in place of coarse screening to ensure reduced size of large particles s that they can be removed in the stochastic variable of sludge in the subsequent treatment processes. In this stage, flow measurement devices, mainly the standing-wave flumes are used (Hall, Prichard, Kirkbriod et al. 2012).This is the second stage. In this stage, settleable organic and inorganic solids are removed through sedimentation process. Floating mate rials are also removed through skimming. Similarly,

Short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Short answers - Essay ExampleAn economist would advice a firm making accounting lolly to close down because accounting lucre is arrived at by subtracting only explicit costs from the add up revenue. This rejects implicit costs hence inaccuracy of the profits (Aspers, 2011). (b) Why normal profit is the long run yield for a firm under perfect competition When a firm is making economic profits, some other firms will find the markets competitive hence mass entry into the market. This causes the supply curve to shift to the right, which results into a drop of the prices hence profits, be cancelled. The firm will in the end exhibit normal profits as an outcome under perfect competition (Aspers, 2011). (c) Characteristics of both monopolistic and monopoly competition, their advantages and disadvantages Characteristics of monopolistic competition be there exist a large number of buyers and sellers, they exhibit price differentiation, free entry and clear of firms and high selling co sts are incurred. Monopoly on the other hand exhibits characteristics such as the domain of only one firm in the market they are price takers since they are the only producers. They mother the advantage of controlling the whole market and therefore dictate the prices. The only disadvantage is that they are restrict by their own look at curves. Monopolistic case has several advantages the most peculiar is that they are fitted to command a large market base. The market is disadvantaged in that stiff competition may threaten its operations in the market (Aspers, 2011). 4. (a) Graph of Fiscal policy and deflationary gap deflationary gap happens when the actual output (Y) is below the natural output (Yn) this is as shown in the figure above. To mark the deflationary gap expansionary fiscal policy has to be used. The government does this through change magnitude government expending alongside this, the government taxation has to be reduced. The result of employing the expansionar y fiscal policy acts to shift the aggregate demand curve to coincide with the natural output and therefore real GDP is increased. Deflationary gap is caused when the investment funds spending goes down hence it is simply solved when the government increases it investment spending such as spending on infrastructure (Buti, 2003). (b) How fiscal and monetary used to address deflationary gap affects counterweight of payment Fiscal policy tools used to such as increased taxation will dumbfound the costs of local goods to be expensive. When the local goods become expensive balance shifts from favoring importation. When imports are more than exports, there is unfavorable balance of payment, which is harmful to the economy. In addition, monetary policies to correct deflationary gap is that aimed at increasing silver supply, which leads to an increase in prices. Increase in prices causes local goods to be equally expensive leash to increased importation hence unfavorable balance of payme nt. Such negative impacts of balance of payment get when the economy is at the helm of growth (Buti, 2003). 6. (a) Reasons for holding money There are three major reasons for holding money transactionery motive, precautionary motive and speculative motive. For transactionery motive, money is held to undertake daily transactions mostly on basics. Money is also held to handle any future unfortunate occurrences anticipated in the future. Speculators are investors who anticipate that assets will be attractive in the near future hence hold money to take advantage of such (Dobeck, MF &

Installation art of Olafur Eliasson Research Paper

Installation art of Olafur Eliasson - Research Paper usageArt allows artists the freedom to exercise with just any material to express their creativity. In the recent past, artists urinate taken this freedom to higher unique levels and have been using elemental materials such as humidity, water, telephone circuit temperature, and light to come up with unique pieces. One such artist is Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson. Olafur Eliasson transforms the perception of veracity by inserting massive installations of reputation into human beings spaces as this research study will reveal.To create The brook Projectin Londons Turbine Hall, he made a large circular disc using ninefold monochromatic lamps to create a sunniness radiating yellow light. Additionally, he created artificial mist in the hall using humidifiers casting a mixture of water and sugar then finished it by covering the ceiling with a large mirror1. The installation comes off as a large sun casting yellow rays i nto a dense mist. Visitors lie on their back and see themselves as diminutive black shadows immersed in an ocean of yellow light. The purpose of the installation is to create an artifice of the sun, allowing visitors to engage closely with nature2.The New York Waterfallsinstallation at the New York harbor is a composition of four gigantic artificial waterfalls ranging between 90 to 120 feet high3. Eliasson created the project to allow people in the city to experience and appreciate their relationship with nature of immense nature. The size of the installations, which rise high above eye view creates an enhanced feeling of rarefied experience that the townsfolk are rare with. In this case, he brought the perception of reality (waterfalls) into a public space (New York City), allowing people to familiarize with the proportion of such occurrences as they are in nature without visitng them4.The multitudinous Staircase in Munich, Germany, is yet another of Eliassons unique perception of reality in a public space. It

What Is Critical Literacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What Is Critical Literacy - Essay ExampleCritical literacy is authoritative as it moves readers beyond traditional view point about drill literature for the sake of reading the words but also to read the world. Coming up with questions about people whose voices have been represent or missing in the text, who gains or losses because of reading the text, assists the reader comprehend the texts objectives and protect readers from being manipulated by the text itself (Joseph, 1985).Critical literacy support readers to analyze texts actively and offer strategies for break by dint of underlying information. There are many a(prenominal) different perspectives about critical literacy which have produced various pedagogic approaches about learning and teaching. All these approaches have a common basic ground that literacy needs literate person users of texts to implement a critical questioning approach (Edward, 2006).Proponents of critical literacy suggest that the practice is not adep t a way of achieving literacy by improving ones qualification to decode texts but is the ability to have a dialogue with others about the various meanings information might have and taking through a potentially critical learner how to think flexibly. Literacy development has encouraged students to interrogate issues of power, for example the disparities in a social context for instance socio-economic status, gender, sexual orientation, class, race etc. Students have become critically literate because they have the ability to critique messages that are in the texts that they read. Fundamentally, instructors who use critical pedagogy signal how to examine the language and how it plays a role in the social construction. This therefore implies that critically literate students assess ongoing development, the role they play on the earth and how experiences make sense to them. There are many ways of involving students to become critical members

Hog Waste in Eastern North Carolina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hog Waste in eastern North Carolina - Essay ExampleIt also says in Proverbs 1122, Like a gold environ in a swines snout is a beautiful woman without discretion.The swine is just another animal with either the instincts and emotions of fear, anger, contentment or hunger. But the scriptures appear to depict the animals dispositions that include habits other than just chewing cuds. The swine is cognize to eat more than cuds. They consume anything from garbage including dead animals and merciful waste. Thus, the swine is categorized with animals that are not plunk. They cannot be counted among animals alike the sheep, goat, deer, and so on that consume only grass and herbs and are categorized as clean (Douglas S. Winnail).From the Christian perspectives, the fuzz is associated with meanness and laziness. The points expressed in the scriptures about the boar do minuscule to dissociate it from such negative attributes. Once the copper has had its fill with food it normally resig ned to a nook to slumber the rest of its time.God made all things wonderful and this includes the swine. The swine or hog is not meant for human consumption from its natural standpoint. In the present times, hog meat can be neutralized from the effectuate of salmonella through vaccinations (Jeffrey A. Husa et al). However, in the times when the Old Testament injunction for not eating the hog was made, the scriptures exclamatory that as people of God to serve as a model for the nations around them, the Israelites were to abstain from hog meat for its specific dietary habits. The hog could eat anything. It was not restricted to chewing cuds alone.By the uniform argument, the hog could also do many things that did not make it an ideal choice for culinary purposes. The hog could grunt, struggle violently, bite, kick and heave. The hog did not observe the basic niceties when it was about to be killed. This contrasted with the disposition of animals like the sheep and goats that did n ot have to be trussed up when they were slaughtered.What does the theological impost say about this worry (This will require doing library research in books on theological ethicsTheological tradition is varied. at that place is no single view. Some theologians say that the law about not eating the hog does not apply now. They hold to the scriptures when Apostle peckerwood was famished and had a vision of a great stable gear let down by four corners upon the earth. In it were all kinds of animals and reptiles and birds of the air. And there came a articulatio to him, Rise, Peter kill and eat. But Peter said, No, Lord for I have never eaten anything that is common or unclean. And the voice came to him again a second time, What God has cleansed, you must not call common (or unclean) (Acts 1011-15).There is yet another theological tradi

INTR1007 AUSTRALIA AND WORLD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

INTR1007 AUSTRALIA AND WORLD - Essay ExampleThis rivalry between the two coalitions keep up from the end of the blink of an eye World war in 1945 to fall of the Soviet Union in the socio-economic class 1991. It was led by tactics and procedures that would not fit into place determined armed crash or infringement of political affairs. Depicted by ordinary uncertainties, a determination to set up cleverness, technological skills, the deliver of artillery, and this batter ab egress universal supremacy occurred for over twenty yrs. The world War was a conflict that brought about real substantial changes throughout the whole world. Ever since this war started, it has turn out to be a lesson, and many nations use it as an instance of the worlds freedom. Various countries were tangled up in this war and each one of the nations contributed in their own way. Many changes took place for the time of the Second World War, which took place between 1939 and 1945 after the First World War h appened in the year 1914. Many people all over the world were so much unhappy, and the pressure only stop following the end of this Cold War2. A number of industries had started with the intention of making weapons together with other resources that were meant to agree the militaries. There were numerous weaponry that the cronies used to fight to be successful in their battle.The World War II was the strongest and the most brutal fight ever witnessed. It caused death for many people, cash for making weapons and several(prenominal) other supplements for the army, damaged possessions, and caused more across-the-board transformation in practically each state in the least of any other conflict in the past. Uncountable numbers of people were lost, some critically hurt and countless had been murdered as at the end of the war. Greatly applicable in the present days, the Second World War is a lesson to the whole world, not only about the profession of arms, but in any case about milita ry

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership paper Research

Orgninzational behaviour Leadership - Research newspaper publisher ExampleI pull up stakes intake my motivational skills to extract the best from them to prove my competency. I will drill my full intelligence and innovativeness to trace each employee contribute the best to the comp some(prenominal), happily. I will use my responsibility as a attracter to make life easier for the people working under me and make them achieve new heights in their c atomic number 18er at the same time. To be a loss leader is to be responsible. To be responsible for our own life and all others following us is no balmy task. As an IT project coach-and-four in the banking sector and the only female to occupy the send in my team, I look forward to a bright future. My aim is to serve as a leader capable of creating a difference. I hope to put my business management skills to their best use and research versatile fields in the future ending up as a project manager in a couple of years. I constantl y keep updating my educational qualifications and developing my interpersonal skills to do the same effectively. at that place are so umpteen things employees expect from their leaders. Honesty and transparency are the basic foundation of good leadership. Competence and empathy are the best adornments for any leader. A caring leader not capable of inspiring the team to achieve the target will be of little use to the company as well as the employees. Similarly, a demanding one who does not allot about his abetter _or_ abettors agency cannot create a giveworthy team. ... Being an example of what you want your followers to be is the first step towards successful leadership. The second step is motivating them or luring them with the benefits of being competent and perfect. The leash step is to avail them achieve the same by eliminating any problems they have. The main challenge is to win the trust of the employees and manage time effectively. So many followers doubt the leaders who take extra care with them. It is the leaders duty to make them understand their well being is as important as achieving target. Managing time to strike off everybodys problem right might be an issue at first. But, it can be managed easily with the help of the other team members. The very fact that the leader is caring more will extract more sincerity from the employees side, making them solve their problems themselves. The main impact a woman leader creates in a work place in general is a surprise. One female leadership inspires many more women to come up successfully in their career rather than get satisfied with the position they are currently in. There is a general belief that good deeds go unsuccessful and only power can help gain respect and influence. Proving power can be apply to help people in productive ways is the major fact I wish to establish. There are several tools to do the same. Intelligence, empathy and competence are the most important of all. Any grim situ ation can be turned into a favourable one if a person is calm and imaginative enough to analyze the pitfall in it. Good leadership can simply make or break an organization. There are five practices necessary for exemplary leadership which can transform any worst team into star performers. They are communication, honesty and integrity, creativity and innovation and

Definition of family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Definition of family - Essay ExampleIt is sad that many impart taken these aspects for granted and neglected their family members or lose family attachment. This paper aims at explaining the concept of family while throw light on my develop. Nuclear Family The above ikon depicts clearly what a family unit is comprised of the father, m different and their children. fundament everyy there are two types of families nuclear and extended families where the former is comprised of just the parents and their children while the latter is comprised of the former together with grandparents, aunties, uncles, cousins, sister-in-laws and brother-in-laws (Corbett 2004). An extended family is clearly depicted by the avocation two pictures where grandparents and their children take a photo shoot together. Extended Family (Grandparents, their children and grandchildren) Extended Family (Grandparents, their children, their childrens spouses and grandchildren) It is the duty of family members to o ffer assistance to those who depend on them. there should be mutual respect for all members such that superstar cannot intentionally do anything that can endure another family member. People in doing this should also appreciate that there are many people in the world today who do not have anyone to count on in good and fallacious measures. I have had numerous occasions where I needed a shoulder to cry on and as much as I have friends by my side, family consolation works best. In other occasions like my graduation and birthdays, I always feel whole when my family members are there to abide by with me. There is this connection that goes beyond love that I have with my brothers and sisters, parents and grandparents and other people of the extended family. I am personally always ready to protect this stick no matter what the circumstances as difficult times also dawn on us that threaten to weaken it. Communication from my experience is quite crucial in maintaining strong family t ies. Families for centuries have engaged in reunions and my family is not an exception. In these reunions that incur once a year in my grandparents home or one of our uncles, we tend to strengthen the bond we have. We usually engage in many fun activities like games and all that for the sake of all to move and share previous years experiences. This form of interaction has also ensured that people keep in touch throughout the year and those who are able to visit one another, they can do so. I am mostly fascinated by the sharing of personal experiences for the past year i.e. since the last reunion. This is make in the evening under the moonlight in the backyard with everyone present while uncles prepare barbecues. At this time we mostly share funny moments where we laugh almost all night long. This happens on Saturday night and the following morning all depart to wait for another fascinating time together as one big happy family. There are certain fundamentals that are followed in all the family units deep down the extended family so as to ensure harmony of the bigger family. One is the appreciation by all children that their parents are the core in their families (Corbett 2004). They should be accorded maximum respect and admiration by all the children unheeding of their status, financial or otherwise. They are the people who the children

Risk Training - the Neglected Part of Project Management Essay

Risk Training - the Neglected Part of Project Management - Essay Example agree to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that individual level of seek tolerance may be exhibited in almost every aspect of ones investment. This is because both employers and individuals tend to have different perceptions on run a risk tolerance. For example, you may view investing $25,000 in the stock market as wise finale depending on your level risk tolerance, while another investor may shun this investment decision because his or her level of risk tolerance may be substantially low as compared to mine. Connectively, if $25,000 represents a capacious fraction of your persons income, you may encounter a high-risk factor. On the contrary, if $25,000 constitutes only 10% of the total income, the risk factor will be negligible. Many investors view stock market as a insecure venture due to volatility and fluctuation of the stock prices as well as the economic conditions. Therefore, such(pre nominal) volatility in stock prices may make both individuals vary interims of their levels of risk tolerance. Usually, individuals tend to underestimation or overestimate the severity of inherent risk that may consequently expose them to intolerable risk levels. Therefore, it is vital for individuals to understand inherent risk is an intangible factor and hence apply an appropriate technique to determine their levels of risk tolerance. For instance, questionnaires may be developed to help individuals determine their levels of risk tolerance.There are some(prenominal) factors that influence the levels of risk tolerance some of those factors include personal health, age and the likelihood of recovering from fiscal distresses.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

guidance - Essay Exampleen that every manager must discover because of the reality that people argon cued by different things (Berman, Bowman, West, & Wart, 2010, p. 182). Talking about indigence, the first thing that comes to mind is the two kinds of rewards, the alien and intrinsic reward. Extrinsic reward is an outside motivation like monetary incentives while intrinsic reward is the motivation within the person like satisfaction and accomplishment. Yes, money is a motivator wherein shapings need to brook more if they want their people to do better avocation. This assumption is put forward by Frederick Taylor in the late 1800s when he developed scientific management (Hoffman, 2006, p. 12). However, multiple theories have contradicted this assumption much(prenominal) as David McClellands Learned Needs Theory and Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory. These are two content theories of motivation whose concept in intrinsic motivation is more intense than extrinsic. By combing t he powers of these theories, managers will raise a highly motivated, highly engaged group of workers with high need for achievement.and affiliation (Puckett, 2004, p. 43). Managers must sample to develop understanding on these different needs intrinsically so that jobs can be structure for satisfaction. On the other hand, Herzbergs Motivation-Hygiene Theory is influenced by two set of factors, the motivator factors (intrinsic) and hygiene factors (extrinsic) (Puckett, 2004, p. 42). In this theory, Herzberg concluded that people are not only simply motivated by monetary incentives because job satisfaction is more attainable if people are rewarded with praise and recognition. He suggested that in order to motivate people, managers must take care of both the hygiene and motivator factors however, hygiene factors should only be attached adequately and more on the motivator factors because intrinsic motivation satisfied the higher-level of needs. This is what James Clifton, CEO of Ga llup organization has been

How precious metals relate to the economy Research Paper

How precious metals relate to the economy - research Paper ExampleWhile gold remains the most popular investment vehicle for investors, silver, platinum, and palladium continue to hold strong interest. This research paper focuses on how these precious metals relate to the American economy and examines the price of the dollar in relation to these metals. This essay describes the history of the Western economy and banking structure, that was originally connect to gold through the gold standard. At a time in history all capital produced was held to a standard reserve of gold in the countrys central bank. However, recent decades throw away gradually witnessed a shift from this economic structure. Today precious metals operate in large floor like a currency, as they are subject to market inflations and deflations. There are many motivations for the corrupt or investment in precious metals. In this context of understanding, this research paper reveales that precious metals generall y function as a hedge for investors against fiat currency and volatile markets. In addition the record of the historic relation between gold and currency is examined in terms of the gold standard. Its noted that supporters argue going stumble the gold standards creates greater government volatility, while detractors argue that going off the gold standard creates the potential for a welfare state. Ultimately, its clear that both historically and in the contemporary environment precious metals and the economy are greatly intertwined.

Staples - Goodwill Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Staples - Goodwill Report - Research Paper ExampleThe connection has its stores operating all approximately the world and delivering quality goods and services to the customers worldwide. It manages its grace and credible position through effective communication channels, right(a) employee management, valuing loyal customers and building a successful network of honest stakeholders for the cheek. An effective management o the organizational plans and strategies, is what constitutes the state of grace. Besides this, existence loyal and honest to the customers and maintaining a customer-centered attitude forms the basis of an advanced and organized goodwill plan. Thus, we can assume that the overall management and implementation of goodwill plan is the absolute need of an organization to operate successfully. This element has given rise to many success stories, such as that of Staples Incorporation. An elaborated goodwill plan of Staples is discussed ahead in this paper. Table o f Contents Staples Incorporation 4 Communication 5 Customers 7 Employees 7 Environment 8 Conclusion 9 Recommendation 10 Works Cited 11 appendix 12 Appendix A 12 Appendix B 13 Appendix C 14 Illustrations Direct Competitor Comparison SPLS PVT1 ODP OMX Industry Market Cap 11.05B N/A 1.12B 626.71M 319.51M Employees 52,919 N/A 40,000 30,000 2.75K Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy) 1.90% N/A -3.20% -2.80% 5.90% Revenue (ttm) 24.66B N/A 11.53B 7.10B 447.72M Gross Margin (ttm) 30.09% N/A 28.80% 25.63% 35.50% EBITDA (ttm) 2.09B N/A 235.86M 222.22M 26.40M Operating Margin (ttm) 6.47% N/A 0.25% 1.79% 4.32% Net Income (ttm) 891.42M N/A -116.36M 55.22M N/A EPS (ttm) 1.23 N/A -0.42 0.63 0.15 P/E (ttm) 12.59 N/A N/A 11.55 18.87 PEG (5 yr expected) 0.77 N/A -7.84 1.30 0.98 P/S (ttm) 0.44 N/A 0.10 0.09 0.75 Pvt1 = Lyreco Group (privately held) ODP = parting Depot, Inc. OMX = OfficeMax Incorporated Industry = Specialty Retail, Other Business organizations ar operating in a really tough corporate environment these days. They are struggling hard to maintain their competitiveness along with being resilient, flexible and rulers at the same time. For this purpose, it becomes necessary for them to keep up their goodwill and take care of the exertion and reputation in the market among tough rivals and cutting edge competition. Staples Incorporation Not every company is a success story. There are many organizations, both large and small scale, which are works in the rigid business environment. Similarly, staples is one such company which is attempting to pave its way through managing in building goodwill amongst the other market leader. The Staples Incorporation is one of the larger office supply set up store, which has more than 2,000 operational stores which are working in around 26 countries. The store has its main cosmos in United States, Framingham, Massachusetts, and has its large network of retail stores operating all across the world. The retail outlets of Staples are all also invo lved in the business dealings and transactions with several firms in numerous European countries and this is commonly referred to as the Staple Advantage (Bloom Energy, Online). The organization has built up its reputation in the market of furniture, supplies, promotional products, office machines, technology and other services to various businesses in both, physical stores and

Behaviorism and tantrums Essay Example for Free

Behaviorism and tantrums EssayBehaviorism and tantrums Jesss story is an example of operant conditioning, because to the highest degree of his behaviors are voluntary. Jess had already learned how to get candies and other sweets from his dad at the grocery. This is also an example of supreme reinforcement, because Jess is getting something he loves when he misbehaves and throws tantrums, which eventually increases Jesss negative behavior in the future.Bills behavior can be defined as negative reinforcement, since he is giving donuts to Jess in order to get his shopping through without his son throwing tantrums. If Bill doesnt stop dealing with Jesss behaviors, he will non be able to witness his son in the future and the problems will only increase in the future. If I was Bill, I would elbow grease these three things 1. I would make some rules for Jess at the grocery store.Jess exponent seem too youth to understand the meaning of rules, precisely it will be important to e xplain to Jess in easy and artless ways what the rules are, and why he should follow them. 2. I would use donuts or candy bars as rewards. If Jess can follow the rules at the grocery store, then I will give him a prize. Jess might throw a temper tantrum as soon as he enters the grocery store, unless Bill has to be strong and follow through whatever the rules are.I would use negative consequences, analogous taking away the privilege of going to shopping with Bill if Jesss behaviors continue. Jess might scream and cry, but Bill should ignore him until Jess stops. Once he stops, Bill should explain to his son why his behavior is not working. Bill can even make behavior chart and reward Jess when he has good behaviors, and ultimately give Jess a goal to reach. This will teaches Jess the right ways to get attention.

The impact of Christian Religious Education Essay Example for Free

The impact of Christian ghostly Education canvasIntroduction The context of studying ghostlike in a federation such as ours, Christian ghostlike certifyations give me the opportunity to learn from worship (Christian religion) in an organized Manner. From my perspective, Christian religious pedagogics aims to support and develop my religious identity by giving me the opportunity to participate at Christian religious practices. Religious education like Christianity involves religious practices such as praying, caring for others, and dealing with the ch completelyenges of life.In these practices I see Christian religious education as an inspirational reality of theologys teaching the only reliable tool that I rely on in the time of difficulties and challenges. The concepts of God, creation, redemption, or eternity are concepts that are difficult to understand unless with conviction and the teaching of Christian religious education. From this standpoint, arm in Christia n religious education refers to my participation at religious practices in a to a greater extent proficient way. The aim of this paper is to get a clear view on the significance of studying Christian Religious Education and its impact on me as an unmarriedist.Growing up as a Kid As a kid growing up I attended Catechism classes (first Holy conference and Confirmation), as far as going to the seminary (Catholic seminary) after my graduation from high school. I attended catechism classes and was taught the Catholic doctrines and other Christian beliefs. Therefore, Christian religious education has impacted my life and my personal growth. Consequently, learning with religious education enables me to Develop my noesis and deepen my understanding of the Christian faith, especially my Catholic faith and other Christian beliefs.It helps me understand the relevance of the Catholic faith and the meaning of life. It fosters the set, attitudes and practices which are well-suited with my f aith as Christian. Christian religious education develops my skills of reflection, critical thinking, and how to act in accordance when making moral decisions. It nurtures my requester life as an individual. It helps me understand and appreciate significant founts of other Christian traditions such as discover lent, the practice of station of the cross and advent season.The observance of all of these makes a positive difference to my Christian life and put my beliefs and values into action. The Influence of Christian Religion Education on me The impact of Christian religious education on me is that it transfers Christian moral values and norms to me as person or individual growing up to become responsible and appreciating myself and others. It teaches me the actual duty of a Christian and acquaints me with religious practices and devotion to government activity in the neighborhood, homes, state and in the universal society.Christian religious education helps me to develop the k nowledge and understanding of Christianity and especially, the catholic doctrine. Christian religious education specially the catholic doctrine encounter taught me somewhat religious norms and it values and has encouraged me to learn from various religious beliefs, values and culture while at the resembling time, focusing my give beliefs regarding my religion. My study at the seminary and catechism classes has also help me to be mature in person and socially as well as refining my judgments and decisions on religious, moral and social issues, preparing me for life in a secular society.During my time in primary school I can clearly sequestrate that Christian religious education in the context of catholic religious teachings popularly known as doctrine in catholic schools was a compulsory subject for us. It was mandatory subject, not an optional one. In fact anyone who could not pass doctrine in St. Francis high school (Pleebo, Maryland County) is assumed not to be able to do wel l or pass other subjects. As the result, Christian religious education gave me a stronger sense of my identity and it made me to know my place in the world that I live in by dint of Christian religious and ethical teaching.Christian Religious education guides me through my religious journey. It motives me and helps me been focus on my spiritual life. If I dont understand what I am implementing in my life, then I will end up losing focus in my Christian activities. Christian Religious education aids me in instructing me how to understand the innovation of God and how to obey his commands. Christian Religious education assists me in keeping me from doing the wrong things and repeating the same mistakes over and over again.It instructs me to obey authorities and follow the teaching of the scriptures, so that I may teach the little one or my own kids the ways of life of my religion (Christian) and how to follow it teachings. Encourages me to look more into what I accept as trustwort hy and reflect on that spiritual knowledge. It helps me understand the Word of God as expressed in the Christian scriptures and especially the teachings of the Catholic Church. And argueing how situations can affect the way that I understand things in my lives and the world roughly me.Reflecting on the Catholic beliefs that my life has meaning, therefore, the essence of Christian religious education is to help me to value the teachings of the scriptures and that which God reveals in our lives. It helps me recognize such knowledge and understand issues which are never fully realized that in actual relationships with the scripture (God) or teaching of Christian religion education. It helps me truly develop and pursue common issues in concrete actions. Why Christian Religion Education Matters to me?Christian Religious education makes a distinctive contribution to my well-being. It promotes my moral, social and above all my spiritual, development. It prepares me for societal challen ges and future responsibilities. Religion and beliefs inform our values and are reflected in what we say and how we behave. Christian Religious education try to explain or give meaning to challenging questions about the ultimate meaning and purpose of life, beliefs about God, and the nature of reality, issues of objurgate and wrong and what it means to be human.It develops my knowledge and understanding of the nature of religion and belief including Christianity, and other important religious issues, such as the TRINITY, (three persons in one God). God the FATHER, God the SON and God the holy place SPIRIT, philosophy that are difficult to understand. Christian religious education offers me the opportunities for personal reflection and spiritual development. It enhances my awareness and understanding of Christianity and beliefs, teachings and practices.Christian religious education had impacted my life, to be more precise, it helps me to understand issues of faith and the existen ce of God. There are things I cannot do because of my beliefs and faith. I cannot take off human life, because I have value for other and the life of people. I cannot encourage abortion or homosexual arts. Taking away other life is murder, murder is a crime. Christian religious education, specially my doctrine (catholic doctrines) forbids that. And Christian religious educations help enhance and foster my beliefs.Therefore, my value of God is deepening. Christian religious education today is vital. As the issue of extremism emerges, I begun to wonder how these people lost their moral direction and they have turn against society in the name of religion. One might want to look to their religion as one aspect of what shaped their thinking. Instead of judge them I extend forgiveness, because my religion (Christianity) teaches me how to forgive. After all, Christ said in the Bible he who is without sin should cast the first stone. Christian religious education is priceless. Christian re ligion offer kick in debate about all moral and ethical points of view. It is open to free debate, contradictory other religions which forbids open discussion of some critical issues. In order to combat ignorance, Christian religious educations enlighten my mind. It causes me to act as detects by the scripture or my doctrine. The reason a society move is its lack of morality. Christian religious education taught me about morality, ethics and to love others, even if they dont act very loving toward me.The skills, understanding and knowledge acquired from Christian religious education during my seminary and catechism classs days, couple with my Christian ethics class at AMEU is very necessary. They help to broaden my knowledge and positively sharp my thinking to be mature in my attitudes. Christian religious educations help me to be open minded, value for others and self understanding. Experiencing self-assurance about my own beliefs and identity and increasing my perception of my religious, moral and spiritual ideas.Conclusion In conclusion to this paper, I will say Christian religious education from all angle and from all area of society has shown without any doubt its significance on me as individual and society cannot be ignored. Christian Religious Education has prove to make available openings for spiritual expansion in the course of helping me to think about and act in response to questions of meaning and break in life, and questions about the s existence of God and morals in human society to consider and react to critical issues especially issues of morality and real challenges of life.This has helped me to make clear and knowledgeable decision on religious and moral issues. Our society today is face with many moral issues, such as same sex marriage know as gay marriage and the issue of abortion. Christian religious education has helped to develop my sense of character and belonging, preparing me for life as individual in society. It gives me consci ousness and understanding of my beliefs, including practices and values of Christianity.Christian Religious Education is a tool that strengthen my ethical attitude and values, including choices and behavior and my believed toward abortion, drugs and homosexuality. Bibliography noak, M. (2001) On Two Wings Humble Faith and Common Sense. Fagan, P. F. (2006) The Impact of Religious Practice, Heritage Foundation Backgrounder No. 1064, 2 Brown, D. R. , and Gary, L. E. (1991) An Empirical Assessment, Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 60, No. 3.

Stereotypes in Film Essay Example for Free

Stereotypes in movie EssayMerriam-Websters Dictionary clearly defines ethnocentrism as the characterization by or based on the attitude that ones profess meeting is superior. To address the deeper issues associated to ethnocentrism requires a more explicit definition. In this sense, ethnocentrism evoke be defined as the making of false assumptions regarding others shipway based on our own limited experience. The get a line word is assumptions, because lotstimes we are non even aware that we are being ethnocentric we dont conceive that we dont understand. These mannerisms lead to seeing other ways of life through a slanted perspective which can lead to unhealthy feelings of haughtiness and self-righteousness. A variety of cultures can appear differently, depending on our perspective. In numerous ways we are like the blind men in the fable written by the Persian poet Jalal al-Din Rumi, The Blind Men and the Elephant. A beast of mystery appeared in the land of the blin d. The raja sent his advisors protrude to investigate. Waiting until the mysterious beast was sleeping, they touched it.When the blind men had felt the creature, the raja went to each of them and verbalize to each, Well, blind man, produce you seen this beast? Tell me, what sort of thing is the creature? There upon the men who were presented with the be answered, Sire, this beast is like a wall. While the men who had observed the ear replied, No, this animal is like a fan. Those who had touched the tusk said, The beast is like a spear. Those who knew only the trunk said it was a snake in the grass others said the leg was a tree the tail, a rope.All of these blind men described part of the same thing a sleeping elephant. As you can see, the blind men had only a partial view of the elephant. There moral here is that if you put together your partial views in worthy order, you will get an idea of what an elephant looks like. As Americans we seem to be limited by our own persp ectives of attached cultures and groups of people and fail to see the variety of viewpoints present. Assumptions can also reflect false positive attitudes slightly others ways.For example, we in an urban industrial society frequently think of other cultures as being unaffectionate of the stresses of modern society. Unfortunately this view fails to recognize that many stresses are present in their way of life, including the curse of disease, risk of starvation, and lack of transportation to name a few. False positive assumptions are just as misleading as false negative assumptions. Ethnocentrism leads to misunderstanding others and the generalization regarding a person or group of persons, stereotyping.We falsely distort what is meaningful and functional to other peoples through our own point of view. We see their ways in terms of our life experience, not their context. We do not understand that their ways have their own meanings and functions in life, just as our ways have for us. We develop stereotypes when we are unable or nonvoluntary to obtain all of the information we would need to make fair judgments about people or situations.In the absence of the total picture, stereotypes in many cases allow us to fill in the blanks. Our society often innocently creates and perpetuates stereotypes, but these stereotypes often lead to unfair discrimination and persecution when the stereotype is unfavorable. For example, if you were walking downtown slow at night and come upon three senior citizens walking with canes and wearing fur coats, you may not feel as intimidated as if you encountered three college-aged boys wearing leather jackets.Why is this so? In each case we have made a generalization. These generalizations have been formed based on experiences we have had ourselves, read about in books and magazines, seen in movies or television, or have had related to us by friends and family. In many cases, these stereotypical generalizations are reasonably accur ate. Yet, in virtually every case, we are resorting to damage by ascribing characteristics about a person based on a stereotype, without knowledge of the total facts.By stereotyping, we go for that a person or group has certain characteristics. Quite often, we have stereotypes about individuals who are members of groups with which we have not had firsthand contact. So here we have a paradox we falsely assume because we are not even aware we are assuming and furthermore it is the normal thing to do. We cannot not be ethnocentric, and we cannot will it away or make ourselves have a completely open attitude. Is it ever possible not to be ethnocentric?

Machine Elements in Mechanical Design Essay Example for Free

Machine Elements in Mechanical Design EssayAnswers to Selectecj Problems Given here are the answers to problems for which there are unique solutions. some(prenominal) of the problems for solution in this book are true design problems, and individual design decisions are take to arrive at the solutions. Others are ofthe review question form tor which the answers arc in the text ofthe associated chapter It should in like manner be noted that some ofthe problems require the selection ot design factors and the use of data from charts and graphs. Because of the judgment and interpellation required, some ofthe answers may be slightly different from your solutions.AISI 1080. 28. AISI 5160 OQT 1000 is a chromium steel, having nominally 0. 80 percent chromium and 0. 60 percent carbon, a exalted carbon alloy steel. It has fairly high strength and good ductility. It was through-hardened, quenched in oil, and tempered at 1000F. 29. Yes. with careful specitlcadon ofthe quenching medium. A hardness of HRC 40 is equivalent to HB 375. Appendix 3 indicates that oil quenching would not vex an adequate hardness. However, Appendix 4-1 shows that a hardness of HB 400 could be obtained by quenching in water and tempering in 700F while still having 207f elongation for gciod ductility. 3. AISI 200 and 300 serial publication 34.A hardness of 750 HB is extremely hard and characteristic of as-quenched high alloy steels, 15. The HRB scale is unremarkably limited to HRB 100. 16. The HRC hardness is normally no lower than HRC 20. 17. The given relationship between hardness and pliable strength is only valid for steels. 18. Charpy and Izod 19. Iron and carbon. Manganese and other elements are often present. 20. Iron, carbon, manganese, nickel, chromium, molybdenum. 21. Approximately 0. 40 percent. 22. Low carbon Less than 0. 30 percent

Philippines and International Trade Essay Example for Free

Philippines and supranational Trade EssayWhat is foreign trade? world(prenominal) trade is defined as trade between two or much partners from different countries in the exchange of goods and services. In order to understand multinational trade, we need to first know and understand what trade is, which is the buying and selling of products between different countries. International Trade simply globalization the world and enable countries to obtain products and services from other countries effortlessly and expediently. International trade has been in existence throughout history and has an economic impact on the articipating countries. Trade in most countries has a share of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and helps to boost the countrys overall economy on a yearly basis. International Trade for the Philippines is available only to chosen business and companies and is declining, because we import more goods than we export, which affects our countrys economy. Economic develop ment in Philippine economy has been because of high government spending. A hard work service sector and large allowance from millions of Filipinos working abroad played an important role in Philippine economic development.Since the former president Macapagal-Arroyo came into power in 2001 there has been an economic growth of 5%. Still, the Philippines need a further increase in growth rate in order to lose economic growth. More economic development is required to change magnitude poverty in the country and point of reference imbalances in distribution of income. It also stresses on high population growth. This paper discusses the uncertain economic positioning of the Philippines, in terms of its stand in the world market, and its relationship with other countries. The need for new investors and lessen unemployment will be the point of discussion.

Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods Essay Example for Free

qualitative and Quantitative construction into Methods Es gradeThere be different research methods that have been steer by different ism of science that were developed by philosopher, detective and sociologist at their time of era. The well-known research methods are decimal research methods. Quantitative are numerical methods associated with deductive approaches. Quantitative research methods are ordinarily guided by the principles of positiveness as it takes on objective reality and accepts single reality. Quantitative methods are usually used to measure size, observe numerical change over time, audience segmentation, testing hypothesis, and, quantifying attitudes, behaviors and opinions. The main grandeur of quantitative research is on deductive reasoning which tends to move from the general to the unique(predicate). The validity of conclusions is shown to be helpless on one or more premises being valid. For example, All students who engage MBA in capital of Nepal University works in a bank. Seema studies in MBA in Kathmandu University. Based on the premises, we can say that Seema works in a bank. Premises used in deductive reasoning are authoritative because faulty premises can lead to wrong conclusions.Another popular method is qualitative method, which are usually associated with inductive approaches. Qualitative research methods are used on subjective matter, as in-depth study to explore subject matter. Qualitative research methods are guided by philosophies as post-positivism, critical theory, and constructivism. Qualitative research methods offer different kinds of ways to investigate on research problems as interview methods, think group discussions,case studies and many others to understand the accepted circumstances or culture in the society.The approach take by qualitative researchers tends to be inductive which means that they develop a theory or look for a pattern of meaning on the basis of the entropy that they have collected . This involves a move from the specific to the general and is sometimes called a bottom-up approach. However, most research projects also involve a certain story of deductive reasoning (Trochim, 2005).Quantitative Research is more about collecting numerical data to study about certain phenomena. For example, what percentage of Nepali student who go to US for foreign degree complete graduate course in United States? Other examples may be what percentage of Nepalese students who are studying in TU have negative attitude towards TU administrations. One usually has to use quantitative research when one wants answer in numbers. However, one has to study about complex situations and go with in-depth studies and then qualitative methods should be used.For example, researcher wants to know how people view politics in Nepal? Similarly, a researcher wants to do ethnographic study of the culture of Tharus of Nepal and lives with Tharu for some years, immerse himself/herself in that environ ment to discover the meanings, company of behavior, and ways of thinking important in tharu cultures.Similarly, even though the selection of research methods are base upon the problem selected, resource available, the skills of researcher and audience of the research, both the methodologies are also used together in a research which is known as mixed methods. Mixed methods often combine nomothetic and idiographic approaches in an attempt to serve the dual purposes of generalization and in-depth understandingto gain an overview of social regularities from a bigger sample while understanding the other through detailed study of a smaller sample. rise integration of these approaches is difficult, hence the predominance of component studies(Pat Bazeley, 2004)References(Bazeley, 2004)Social Research Methods. (n.d.). Retrieved December 12, 2012, from www.socialresearchmethods. nethttp//www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/positivism (2005). In W. M. Trochium, Research Methods (2nd ed.).

Meeting of minds Essay Example for Free

Meeting of minds EssayIn what ways does this scene represent 2 characters go across boundaries and rationality each other a meeting of minds?The scene automatically has a sense of irony, as both Yolland and Maire both cannot understand a word each other is saying, this means communication was take to be made in an alternate way, these ways are through the use of identifiable feelings and emotions, as well as paralanguage to indicate the feelings and emotions that the character is trying to express.Throughout their conversation, it would seem unlikely to a person who has just picked up the book that Yolland and Maire do not speak the same language, and therefore cannot penetrate what each other is trying to say. This is due to the similarities of speech between the two of them they always seem to deliver a vague understanding about what the other person is trying to say. An indication of this is where Maire says, The grass essential be wet. My feet are soaking. straight a fter Yolland points out, The grass must be wet your feet are soaking. It is pinch to see the similarities in their speech, although the context is just flipped around, but apart from that it is almost identical.Emphasising this collision, linguistically speaking, is the stage directions, expressing the characters clay movement. The way they seem real immature when they realise they are property hands, then immediately give up and move apart. Another way that they can be seen as immature is through the basic communication, such(prenominal) as pointing. Knowing that the other person cannot understand what they are saying might be a factor in the characters lexis, especially regarding Yolland where he says Ive been watching you night and day for the past because if Yolland was to say this to Maire and she mum it, she could take it two very different ways, and decide that in fact Yolland is a bit weird.Without the aid of a similar language the characters find another way to commu nicate, which involves Maire saying English lecture, which she knows, and Yolland encouraging her, Yes-yes? Go on- go on- say anything at all- I love the sound of your speech. This shows although they cannot understand each other Yolland is fixated by Maire, and there is this chemistry, a bond between them, which they both know, are there but just hawk explain it to each other. The communication between the two of them become so intense that Yolland starts reeling of whole sentences, without realising that Maire does not have a clue what he is on about, she just stares at him unknowingly and wondering.It becomes clear that they take up some common ground to try to relate with each other this occurs, when Yolland starts saying Irish dwelling names, Maire reciprocates and this carries on as though they are flirting, which leads them back to the way they were, when they ran together, as once again they were holding hands, at this point they exchange their raw feelings without the satisfaction of being understood, they hold each other and frisson in one anothers arms, the lexis leading up to the kiss is very heated, there is a mutual understanding of the word always I believe this to be significant as this is one of the final words before they kiss it just shows the compassion they hold for each other.Unquestionably above everything the connection is a meeting of minds as the only way of really communicating was through paralanguage, and the fact that they are very similar people, with similar thoughts and feelings, about the way they act, the way they speak, and the way they feel for each other. In a way their relationship could be seen as an example to be followed, as if individual Irish and English people can get along and fall in love, whats to say England and Ireland should not at least be able to tolerate each other. Yolland and Maire, by not understanding verbally, will have an highly deep understanding of each other mind, in turn this may lead to a i mportantly compassionate relationship, or just a passing phase, however I believe there is a meeting of minds, and the kiss only emphasises the coming together of these two foreign bodies into one.

Lower middle class Essay Example for Free

Lower nerve center class EssayThis cargoner is an extract from M.T. Andersons dystopian novel of consumerism and corporate America. The musical passage is a dialogue between devil key characters, Titus and regal, who each represent contrasting views of the cyber mentality and advertising control. conflicting the passage the novel depicts humanities descent into a decaying society which has no redemption. This passage opens with a soon, scheming dialogue between cardinal characters, no names are mentioned and we really dont cheat who they are. Yet we sense there must be a bond between them because of the acquiescence of the snatch character (eg. I did, I listened). We realise that the chat (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) is between the two key characters, Titus and Violet, on their foretell to a mall.Clearly the narrator is also the protagonist, Titus, teenager from an upper middle class family, who for the most start is content with his consumer lifestyle. In this coll oquy Violet is forcing him to question and resist the nutriment (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) but he is distinctly too entrenched within the program to resist. Although he helps her create wild consumer profiles while at the mall, his mise en scene helps him resist her strong push to break away from those (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) people.Titus is brainwashed to accept the trademark marketing of the bunk because he was chipped as an infant. Although he appears compliant in this passage, it is obvious that he is only doing it to please Violet, alrightok (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97). Just homogeneous in the rest of the novel Titus is blind to Violets spurring in escaping the course. It is clear he is unaware of the environmental disasters that are happening around him globally and as the passage suggests he is prepared to accept the status quo and conform because in his words thats the feed so what (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97).He is so oblivious of the dangers around him, he does nt even realise that her defense is causing her slow expiration. The she in the passage, is obviously Violet. She is the one directing and controlling the dialog between the two teenagers. It is clear that she has a sense of desperation and perhaps paranoia, because she recognizes that they are watching us right outright (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97). Her ramblings sound ridiculous to Titus despite the fact that he does exactly as she says. Violets political platform in this passage is to resist the feed by tricking them into thinking that she has a wide and random medley of interests in advertising.The reader is reminded that Violet is not a mainstream teenager, she has been raised by an eccentric parent and was home schooled. Making her different to Titus and his friends, who got their implant at infancy she received hers at the age of seven. Violet views the feed negatively, different from Titus and his friends, perhaps because she comes from a lower middle class background. Anderson creates her to challenge the system she is living under, as she says in the passage they tried to figure out who you aremake you conformits like a spiral (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97).Her disgust and her rebellion against this social norm that everybody else accepts will lastly shut round her body parts and because her father cannot afford repairs, her body will go into malfunction and she will eventually die. In fact the book ends with Violet dying and the feed saying everything must go (Anderson, 2002). This death creates a voice from Anderson suggesting a society of apathy and hopelessness. The narrative of this passage positions the reader to take sides. It is undecipherable just how contrasting the belief of the two characters is. The narrator is clearly submissive and the reader is eager to watch over out why. Why does he do as she asks?Why does he listen as she asks? unmatched is keen to find out the reason behind her pushiness. The passage opens with she said (And erson, 2002, pp. 96-97) and in the showtime two lines, he looks around (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) as she tells him to, he listens (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) as she instructs him, but it is clear at the end of the passage that he does not necessarily agree, as he says so what? (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97). The mall is used symbolically and metaphorically to represent the social demographic of these two teenagers lives and it is here that Violet is trying to bring over Titus to distance himself from the tentacles of the cyber octopus that is the feed.In fact, the telepathic closeness that this feednet creates between people is obvious in the prime(prenominal) couple of lines of this passage, where one character agrees with the suggestions of the other. The passage is structured with a combination of sentence lengths, it opens and closes with very short sharp phrases, almost building up into a vortex of explanation. In the middle of the passage sentences are longer because there is so much more to explain, making meaning difficult to understand. There is a distinct pattern of alliteration used as a force of reinforcement, she said (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97) and wanting, watching, waiting (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97).The bank bill of the passage begins with a casual conversation between two teenagers and develops almost into a political rhetoric. The conversation is almost childlike, simple, about toys (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97), about things (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97), about games (Anderson, 2002, pp. 96-97), hiding a more sinister and psychological message. The passage replicates Andersons overall view of society. He uses the language of youth culture, presenting the novel/passage in the first person narrative through Titus who is often unlikeable and unpredictable. In the passage the reader is positioned to accept Violets (her) view of the world because we cannot trust Titus biased point of view. Nevertheless, Anderson has created authentic adolescent v oices, sometimes slapstick but always honest.Titus represents the apathetic accepting team and Violet of course incites the readers appreciation for her challenge to a society, which is overlooking the dangers of overpowering consumerism. We cannot fail but see Andersons satire through Violets voice and his criticism of wealth, status, consumerism, corporate America, messaged advertising, conglomerates, and a society falling into a universal proposition disaster of its own making. The passage is short but captures the essence of Andersons meaning and criticism of societies obsess with consumerism.

Putting India to Work Legally Essay Example for Free

Putting India to Work Legally EssayIn nightspot to remain Indias largest employer, they had to keep up with the explosive growth and competition in the telecommunications, financial services, and retail sectors. 2. ) Going forward, TeamLease has faced a few challenges along the road. First, TeamLease decided to move from a decentralized to a centralized structure for operations, causing attention and resistance from clients who were afraid of the loss of personalized services and fear from TeamLease employees who disliked the idea of relocating.TeamLease also had a difficult time filling open(a) positions. Many pile were registered with the government-run employment exchanges and many of these people were not fully drug-addicted for the job. TeamLease also tried to partner with learning companies but there was no training company that would accept their concept of paying for their services solely after their trainee has been placed with a job. They also took a big hit duri ng the 2009 recession causing the open job market to drop dramatically and as well as a decrease in client support. . ) The competitors that worry me the most are Addeco and Randstad. Addeco seems to be the largest HR staffing service company followed by Randstad. Addeco is a major threat with over 33,000 employees and 5,500 branches, in over 60 countries. Randstad has 28,700 employees, 3,500 branches, in over 40 countries. TeamLease on the other hand has 75,000 employees in 600 branches. TeamLease may have more(prenominal) employees, but Randstad and Adecco seems to have more qualified employees and are more deal out out worldwide.TeamLeast has the least amount of branches among its top competitors.I believe that TeamLease should put more money into staffing and training in order to have more suitable and a more experience staff in order to maintain competitive advantage. They should also try to increase or spread out more of their branches to other countries. TeamLease should a lso put more effort into marketing and their advertising campaign. Last, they should shell out offering employee incentives such as days off or bonuses.

Drama assignment Essay Example for Free

Drama assignment Essay compress is one of the some important characters in The Crucible. either of the characters contri except whene to the problems in Salem to some extent. But Hale is the catalyst to the hysteria beginning and it is how is knowingness of this increases through the play that causes the major interchanges we deal in his character.Hale himself, as we are told by miller, nearing forty, a tight skinned eager eyed intellectual. He feels great pride at being asked to buzz off and identify the signs of witchcraft and sees it as a compliment to his experience in his chosen field. Unlike the other characters his experience gives him no reason to jump to the immediate conclusion of the involvement of the devil. Because of this he is perhaps the around common sense of the officials in Salem.Hales gate in act 1 creates a big change in the direction of the scene, scarcely it is important to remember he is unaware of this. How miller uses Hales entrances effective ly is that he calms down the web site between Giles and Putnam when they cease their argument at his arrival but eventually he will excite the scene even more with his powerful redemption of Tituba and Abigail.After his initial entrance in act 1 Hales attitude is reasonably light hearted as he greets the other characters, he refers to the devil in an of hand way as the old boy. Yet he still treats the situation in all seriousness as he listens to the Putnams talking some their daughters ailment, picking up clues from what raft say.When Hale is investigating the supernatural, leafing through his books, asking questions and listening to the other characters etc, it should be shown that he does not treat this as a chore or just his job, but that he is genuinely arouse and eager, his investigations are what drives him.His attitudes to the other characters in the early part of act 1 are interest in meeting people he has heard of, and his respect for the more distinguished company. wh o are there. His use of the artistic style shows a wish to make a good impression with those who are higher in the village, but his interest in meeting Rebecca Nurse and talking to Giles shows that he is in no way aslope to position.As we enter the increasingly hysterical ending to this act, Hales role in causing this is obvious. His quickening challenge of her is perhaps caused by his anger at her apparent lack of concern for Bettys condition and her attempts to evade respond his questions. (grasping Abigail) abigail it may be your cousin is dying. Did you call the devil last night? you cannot evade me, Abigail.Hale is steamy at the end of act 1 because he believes he has got to the root of the problem when Tituba and Abigail redeem themselves and winnow out the blame to Good and Osburn. Because of this both hale and Parris see the problem as ending not beginning.Hale has obviously seen the situation last a lot longer than he expected when he enters in act 2. he is differen t now- drawn a little, and there is a quality of deference, even of guilt, about his manner now. This shows us the beginning of his realisation of the consequences of the accusations that he has caused to be made.This is the second time Hales entrance changes the year of events in both this act and for the rest of the play without him knowing it, his entrance has stopped John watch from leaving just when he had built himself up to confront Abigail to stop the accusations, so he makes things worsened again, but still unintentionally.His attitudes to the Proctors in this act are mixed. He sees them as good and honest people, but knows that there is evidence that would say otherwise even if none of its serious enough to entirely impeach them. His nervousness is also caused by him being unsure how to tell them Elizabeth has been accused, without making it sound like he is accusing them himself.We last see Hale in the final scene of Act Four we see the total change in his opinions to the authority of the court, the guilt of those charged and in his faith. His motivation is now to movement and save proctor from his fate. He is confused and wrought because of how his faith has caused so many problems.To conclude, Hale changes most of all the characters, yet like the others he changes in that his main characteristics are strengthened. His honesty and sense of exoteric duty are there throughout the play, how they change is to which end theyre directed. He is initially convinced of the presence and existence of witchcraft, and works vigorously to combat it in the only he knows how. Yet he is the only of the prosecutors who is convinced of the innocence of the accused, he still believes his first duty is the protection of others, but loses his principles to do so at the end.He is more open minded and humane than the others, but the message of the play tells us to reject the position to which he finally comes. He doesnt reject just the religious fanaticism of the t ime but rejects religion itself. His attempts to save John Proctor ultimately fail, because in turning his back on the church, he has turned his back on what Elizabeth believes is right, and so his argument is worthless to her.Perhaps Millers idea in Hale is that where the simple farmer sees the mistake in preferring life over personal integrity the conditioned Hale does not.

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism

Kinesin Moves by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand toolIntroductionThis review discusses the motion of kinesin, a double tribal chiefed beat back protein. A study was conducted to determine which of twain motion patterns is the one which describes the driving force of this protein the looper sample, or the hand-over-hand model.What is Kinesin?Kinesin is a protein in a class of motor proteins which are powered by the hydrolysis of ATP the tinge responsible for transporting chemical energy for metabolism 1. Kinesin transports epic cargo about cellphones by walking along microtubules, hydrolysing one molecule of ATP per amount 2. It has been proposed than the armament of the protein binding to the microtubule propels the cargo along 3. Kinesin moves to the plus end of the microtubule, implication it transports the cargo from the centre to the edge of the cell 4. There is evidence that some kinesins prevail a role in mitosis (cell division), by separating microtubules or depoly merising them 5.The ModelsThe measuring worm model describes motion with one arm of the protein moving front, followed by the other, with the first arm always in the lead. There are two types of inchworm motion, symmetric and asymmetric, which are shown in the image below. The symmetric model replications little paces, so only one arm moves at a quantify. Asymmetric motion takes a single step, at the middle of which both arms move.In the hand-over-hand model, alternating arms move forward over each other. In the symmetric case, the molecule rotates in the same direction every time, simply in the asymmetric case the molecule rotates in alternating directions. These models are shown in the image below. of import ResultsThe papers main result shows that the kinesin protein moves using an asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. To reach this verdict, a variety of single molecule experiments were performed. They established that the respective(prenominal) kinesin dimers make discre te steps at random intervals along the microtubule, and may take as many as one hundred 8 nm steps before releasing. The movement is processive, meaning that the protein can make many consecutive steps without releasing the substrate (the molecule on which it acts here, the microtubule). This motion exists even when external forces up to several pN are applied, which indicates part of the protein stays attached at all times.The active part of kinesin is be of a dimer, with two identical heavy chains, each with a head attached to a common land root wording. These chains articulatio to a short make out composed of single polypeptide chains. The heavy chains are coiled round each other to allow the rotation necessary for the hand-over-hand model. This rotation is about the neck, only when the motion of the heads turning would continue winding, summing until the heavy chains would join into a common stalk, preventing independent rotation.A study was conducted 6 showing that no significant rotation occurs of the stalk during the stepping motion. For a symmetric model, a large rotation (about one hundred eighty degrees) was expected in the hand-over-hand models. The basis for the translation of symmetric here was in three dimensions the social organization of the kinesin and microtubule must be identical at the parachute and end of each ATP hydrolytic cycle, except for the two heads having swapped places 6. An example of this is simply the dimer rotating half a renewing about an axis perpendicular to the microtubule each step 7, hence the prediction for a rotation of 180 degrees. However this was ruled out, and an inchworm model was proposed. In this, only one of the heads is active in hydrolysis, merely the possibility of an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion remained. This would mean that the head and neck move in such a way that the overall rotation of the stalk is suppressed, instead alternating amongst two distinct structures 8.How They Were Obtain edThe step motion of individual native and recombinant (formed in the lab by combining genetic material from triple sources) kinesin molecules was measured, using optical force-clamp apparatus. This technique uses light from a tightly focussed laser to trap small, polarisable particles in a potential well near the focal point 9. It was found that the ingrained stepping rates alternated between two different values for each step, meaning the molecules limped. The difference in steps implies there was an alternation in underlying molecular configurations, meaning the motion could not be fully symmetric (such as the inchworm and symmetric hand-over-hand motions should be). The discovery of the limp, along with other nano-mechanical properties, means the protein moves with an asymmetric hand-over-hand motion.Single molecules of kinesin were attached to microscopic beads, do as markers for position and as handles for external forces. An optical trap was then used to capture the indi vidual beads that diffused whilst carrying the kinesin, which were placed near the microtubules. This was while kinesin bound and moved. The motion was then tracked using nanometer level precision. A feedback-controlled force lamp was used to apply a constant backwards lading during the motion, in order to reduce the Brownian fluctuations and improve the spatiotemporal resolution. It also allowed for the kinesin to move further, taking more steps, in order to show statistical significance.The ResultsA derivative of drosophila melanogaster kinesin (DmK401) was shown to have an obvious limp, with large time differences in the steps despite the stochastic nature (and ensuing variability). Statistical analysis showed significant differences in the average step times for both slow and desist steps. The durations of the steps were then calculated as slow = 136 6 ms and fast = 24 1 ms. The limp factor, L, can then be calculated as the ratio of the mean duration of the slow stepping time to the mean duration of the fast stepping time. The statistical distribution showed significant limping for the majority of molecules, but there was wide variation in the results. 63% of records showed L 4, and the average was L = 6.45 0.31. Some motors took many runs and had consistently higher limp factors than others, but the distribution was broad and the populations could not be separated of limping and non-limping molecules.Other kinesin molecules, such as the native squid kinesin, showed almost no evidence of limping the same calculations were applied as to DmK401, and the times were calculated to be slow = 90 4 ms and fast = 54 2 ms. The difference is much smaller than that for DmK401. The limp distribution was also found to be narrower, with the average limp factor being L = 2.23 0.14, only slightly higher than the estimated value for a non-limping molecule, L 1.8.The test was then done with kinesin derivates of Drosophila which had increasing stalk lengths. Longer stalks mean the motors are less likely to limp. The largest stalk tested was that of DmK871, and this had a limp factor of L = 2.16 0.17, which was indistinguishable from native squid kinesin. There was also a correlation between an increasing limp factor (therefore shorter stalks) and an increase in characteristic lifetime of the slow step time, whereas the fast step remained invariant. This suggests the limping comes from one head alone, and the other is indifferent.A bacterial expression of a derivative of human kinesin (HsK413) also limped, with limp factor = 2.98 0.25, much greater than the native squid kinesin, but still less than DmK401 and DmK448. Rarely, squid kinesin molecules seemed to limp, making outliers some of which limped consistently.DiscussionAs both native and bacterially expressed dimers from different species can limp, this behaviour may be a result of a common mechanism describing how all kinesin molecules move. The alternation between short and long step times during limping reflects an alternation between the intrinsic rate (the rate with which the population increases) and the time it takes to leave each phase where neither head is moving. This implies the structure of the kinesin-microtubule complex is different at the end of sequential steps. The mechanism describing the movement of kinesin must therefore be asymmetric, meaning the molecular configuration switches after each step. Symmetric mechanisms, by definition, cannot account for switching inchworm models will not limp without additional (asymmetric) features, nor will symmetric hand-over-hand models.The detail of how kinesin motors move is not well k todayn or understood, so we cannot look at how limping could relate to the structure of the motion, but there are some suggestions based on the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism. Limping could be caused by misalignment of the stalk coils, meaning the necks would be different lengths, hence the head with a shorter neck woul d need extra time to rise the next binding site using a diffusional search and overall slowing the kinetics. Another alternative is that there could be over- or under-winding of the coils from hand-over-hand motion, causing torsional asymmetry. The energy required to coil or uncoil the stalk would be reduced, changing the equilibrium and the rate with which the head moves forward.Whilst there is no immediate explanation for the topic whereby the shorter stalks result in longer slow stepping times, it may be incorporated into later studies with further assumptions. However, these experiments have shown that more approaches are needed for single-molecule experiments to answer these questions.Despite the exact mechanism not being known, the experiments do show that the kinesin motors limp, and making the asymmetric hand-over-hand mechanism the most likely.Why is this Significant?This is a breakthrough in the field, as more detail can now be found on how biological motors move. By es tablishing how kinesin moves, other motors can be analysed to find their mechanisms for movement, and this helps to further our understanding of biology. The same experiment can be done with other proteins, or more experiments can be done with kinesin to better understand indisputable factors for example, why the slow stepping times correlate to shorter stalks, or why limping appears to come from one head only.What Other Work has Been Done?Whilst many similar experiments have been conducted, this has improved the knowledge of kinesins movement by showing that the inchworm model does not apply. It has opened up avenues for either looking deeper into kinesins movement, or for determination the mechanisms for other motors. The experimental method used was also new, and was different from the previous study by Hua, Chung and Gelles 6, which was researching something similar.Hua, Chung and Gelles looked at the rotations in the movement of kinesin, with the null hypothesis of a symmetr ic hand-over-hand mechanism. This was done by immobilizing a derivative of Drosophila, and measuring the different orientations of the microtubules as it moved. Their findings were consistent with the inchworm model, which is why it was proposed initially.ConclusionThe kinesin mechanism is now better understood than before, with more information gained in explaining the mechanism. This has presented more factors for consideration and created new questions to answer the prospect for further research is huge. Future experiments could consider different proteins movements, or look deeper into the kinesin mechanism. The discovery is significant as it has not only given more insight into biological motors, but revealed ample possibilities for more experiments in the field.AcknowledgementThis review was written primarily based on the work of Asbury, C L et al. 2003. Kinesin Moes by an Asymmetric Hand-Over-Hand Mechanism. Science. 302(2130)., with all numerical values and the majority of content based on the paper, unless otherwise stated.References1 Knowles, junior 1980. Enzyme-catalyzed phosphoryl transfer reactions. Annual Revue of Biochemistry. 49, pp.877919.2 Schnitzer MJ. 1997. Kinesin hydrolyses one ATP per 8-nm step. Nature. 388(6640), pp.386390.3 Mather, WH and Fox RF. 2006. Kinesins biased stepping mechanism amplification of neck linker zippering. Biophysical Journal. 91(7), pp.241626.4 Ambrose, JC, et al. 2005. A minus-end-directed kinesin with plus-end tracking protein activity is involved in spindle morphogenesis. Molecular Biology of the Cell . 16(4) pp.158492.5 Goshima, G and Vale, RD. 2005. Cell cycle-dependent dynamics and regulation of mitotic kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 16(8) pp.3896907.6 Hua, W, Chung J, and Gelles, J. 2002. Science. 295, p.844.7 Howard, J. 1996. Annual Revue of Physiology. 58, p.703.8 Hoenger, A et al. 2000. Journal of Molecular Biology. 297, p.1087.9 Greenleaf, W J et al 2005. Physical Re vue Letters. 95, 208102.

Carbon Nanotubes for Drug Delivery Review

Carbon Nanotubes for Drug oral communication ReviewUsing the functionalized hundred nanotubes and separate(a) nanomaterials to deliver the healthful drugs, is one of the most applications of carbon nanotubes. some(prenominal) studies were conducted about this topic.Amphotericin B (AMB) is one of the first antimicrobials to be delivered with CNTs. Wei Wu et al. studied the Targeted Delivery of Amphotericin B to Cells by exploitation Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes, they use oxidised MWCNTs that were functionalized with AMB and FITC. They comprise that at equivalent AMB concentration of 10 g/mL, this CNT conjugated was found to be epochally less cytotoxic to Human Jurkat lymphoma T cells as compared to pristine AMB. This CNT-AMB stimulate was able to penetrate cells rapidly within 1 h of incubation by spontaneous pierce mechanism without causing cell death. Finally, They evaluated the antifungal occupation of CNTs,functionalized with AmB, against three species of fungi(C andida parapsilosis, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans). In this test, they used AmB that was covalently linked to ammonium functionalized multi- and single-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT-AmB and SWNT-AmB). The functionlized forms was found to be more potent than apologize AMB possibly imputable to enhanced drug solubility and the presence of multiple copies of AMB per CNT tinge (i.e. the multivalence effect) leading to improved binding affinity in the midst of the drug and its target.177 In an some other separate paper by the same group, a similar MWCNTs AMB remodel and a newly designed SWCNTs-AMB conjugate with PEG linker were prepared with AMB loading of 25% and 10% w/w, respectively. These conjugates were tested for their antifungal activities in comparison to pristine AMB and a conventional colloidal dispersion AMB deoxycholate formulation. two MWCNTs-AMB construct and SWCNTs-AMB conjugate were considerably more than AMB alone. Some fugal strains which were resista nt to dissolve AMB showed a significant response to the MWCNT-based AMB conjugate.178In other report card performed by Pruthi et al., AMB was physically adsorbed on mannosylated MWCNTs inorder to treat leishmaniasis by achieving specific delivery of the drug to macrophages. the mannosylated MWCNTs had high affinity to bind lectins and were able to be uptaken by macrophages in sufficient amount. but the result of this study is unfortunately insufficient to support macrophage-targeting because a control experiment with non-mannosylated MWCNTs was not performed.Although AMB was adsorbed onto the mannosylated MWCNTs and exhibit a sustained in vitro wrench profile, the use of Rh B- pie-eyed mannosylated MWCNTs for intracellular fluorescence imaging of macrophages is inconclusive because Rh B could be detached from the MWCNTs before it enters macrophages, which means that the spy fluorescence is due to throw in the towel Rh B not the MWCNTs-loaded with Rh B.179Apart from AMB, daps one is another illustration of antimicrobial that has beensuccessfully delivered with CNTs. It is an antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory drug that can be used to treat galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) diseases such(prenominal) as malaria, leprosy, AIDS-associated toxoplasmosis and other diseases.180 Some bacterial species developed resistance to dapsone so experiments was started to deliver dapsone with CNTs and fortunately it was delivered successfully. Dap-MWCNTs was formed by functionalizing dapsone onto oxidized MWCNTs. Dap-MWCNTs were first tested on rat peritoneal macrophages it was rapidly ingested with predominant endosomal localization without significant cytotoxicity. Dap-MWCNTs showed many advantages as it ca-cad less apoptosis than oxidized MWCNTs and had a lower degree of oxidative stress. On the other hand, apoptosis of macrophages is important for clearance of intracellular pathogen, so the delayed apoptosis seen by Dap-MWCNTs whitethorn be counterintuitive in the treatment of infection.181In anoter study, Pazufloxacin mesylate, an antibiotic belonging to the class of fluoroquinolones, was adsorbed onto MWCNTs functionalized with ethylenediamine. In vitro release suggested that the surface assimilation of pazufloxacin consists of two phases, the first one is a rapid burst release followed by a second phase of sustained release. The total amount of released pazufloxacin from the amino-functionalized CNTs was higher at pH 5.7 than pH 7.0, due to increase hydrophilicity in acidic condition. This could be advantageous in the treatment of infections, due to the acidic environs of the infected cells.182In another hand, gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, was incorporated into collagen hydrogel doped with 1% w/w CNTs which served as an one-dimensional to enhance the physical stability of the hydrogel and retard the release of gentamicin. The retarded release effect had took a impersonate in the formation of irregular CNT network in the hydrogel which impeded resultant diffusion. However, The presence of CNTs can induce a simple chemical attraction between CNTs and gentamicin, and hence improve the drug loading which could act the drug release rate.183In addition, chloroquine is an anti-malarial drug that also possesses lysomotropic effect. Due to their ability to cause swelling and snatch up of endocytic vesicles, lyosomotropic compounds aim been proposed to be used as an additive to enhance gene transfection by enabling seasonable escape and minimizing degradation of delivered genetic material in lysosomes. For further enhancement of gene delivery with CNTs, chloroquine was loaded onto DWCNTs coated with cationic polymer PEI and plasmid DNA encoding for luciferase. Chloroquine can be released from the CNTs in acidic condition.Coating chloroquine with cationic polymer and plasmid can strongly affect chloroquine loading. Transfection efficiency can be improved up to five folds by introduction of chloroqui ne compared to a non-chloroquine loaded control. Unfortunately this construct has limited uses as a biocompatible transfecting agent because it was found to have more cytotoxic effects to cells than the non-chloroquine loaded control and free chloroquine. In the future, this construct big businessman prove to be effective as a treatment of intracellular malaria infection and the excellent intracellular delivery of chloroquine can explain the higher observed cytotoxicity.184In another study, Annamalai Senthil Kumar et al. used an electrochemical highroad for highly selective immobilization of amoxicillin (AMX) on multiwalled carbon nanotube modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCE/emailprotected), without any linkers and surface functionalization. In order to reveal the immobilization of AMX two on the inner and outmost (surface) walls of the carbon nanotubes. They usedX-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Finally, they tested its b acteriacide drug body process against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and barn subtilis in comparison with the unmodified AMX and MWNT using disk diffusion method. They found that emailprotected has enhanced antibacterial activity against the three bacterial pathogens185Liangliang Ji et al. studied the adsorption of two sulfonamide to MWCNTs. Nonporous, pure plumbago was used as a comparative adsorbent The results revealed thatthe two sulfonamides have a strong adsorption to both MWNT and graphite which can be explained by( - electron coupling)186 In another study, Xin Zhang et al, studied the adsorption of sulfamethoxazole on different carbon nanotube typesand compared the results with the adsorption to natural sorbents including soils, sediments and sludges. Many properties of carbon nanotubes contributed to the adsorption process such as surface area, diameters and surface functional groups. They showed that the adsorption coefficients of SMX on CNTs were generally twic ehigher in magnitude than other natural sorbents..187 Also, Liangliang Ji et al. studied the effect of aqueous solution chemical characteristics on the tetracycline adsorption onSWNT and MWNTsuch as the effect of ionic ability (NaCl and CaCl2), the results showed that there is an inverse relationship between the ionic strength and the tetracycline adsorption on both SWNT and MWNT. They also studied the effect of Cu2+ion (7.5 mg/L) that showeda higher tetracycline adsorption rate to both SWNT and MWNT due to cation bridging mechanism. They finally studied the effect of dissolved soil coal humic acids (50 mg/L) , and the results revealed that these acids have a minimal effect on SWNT objet dart on graphite and MWNT it has a suppression effect on tetracycline adsorption.188According to ciprofloxacin, S.A.C. Carabineiro et al. studied the adsorption capacity of ciprofloxacin on three types of carbon based materials activated carbon, carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon xerogel that w ere functionalized through oxidation with nitric acid then they were heat treated at different temperatures (between 350 and 900 C) under a flow of N2. They demonstrated that the adsorption capacity affected inversely when the samples were treated with nitric acid. While thermal treatments, especially at 900C later oxidation, enhance adsorption performance.189 In another study, S. Ashok Kumar and Sea-Fue Wang studied the stabilizing of multi-walled carbon nanotubes by aqueous solution of ciprofloxacin. It was found that MWCNTs can be stabilized by ciprofloxacinand the dispersions were stable for more than a month.190 Recently, Haibo Li et al. studied the effect of PH and temperature on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin on different functionalized CNTs kindred carboxylized (MC), hydroxylized (MH), single-walled CNTs (SW)and graphitized multi-walled CNTs (MG).They found thatSW had the highest absorption rate for ciprofloxacin among all CNTs due to its largest surface area and they fo und that this is honest for all PHs .Also, ciprofloxacinsorption was thermodynamically favorable For SW, while the reverse process was observed for MC and MG. For MH, ciprofloxacin sorption first off increased then decreased with increasing temperature.191Apart from using carbon nanotubes to deliver antimicrobial drugs, other nanmaterials were used form the same purpose. For example, Renjis T. Tom et al. prepared Ciprofloxacin-Protected Gold Nanoparticles of two differentmean diameters, 4 and 20 nm. they used different analytical techniques to study the adsorption of ciprofloxacin molecule on deluxe nanoparticle surface. The voltammetric and spectroscopic studies confirmed that nitrogen atom of the NH moiety of piperazine group can bind strongly to Au nanoparticles. These particles are stable in dry state and at room temperature. This study showed that the release of molecule from the particles depends on the size of particles and is more in the basic medium than in pure water. T hese particles were found to have many application because their fluorescent nature. Finally, This study shows that metal nanoparticles could be useful mailmans for ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolone molecules.192 Regarding to liposome, many other examples have also been developed for various applications. For ciprofloxacin, M Magallanes et al. were prepared Liposomes that incorporated ciprofloxacin by dehydration-rehydration procedure to treat Salmonella Dublin in mice spleens. Their results revealed that a single injection of liposome-incorporated ciprofloxacin (LIC) was 10 measure more effective than a single injection of free drug at preventing mortality.193 Another example conducted by MURRAY S. WEBB et al. who encapsulated ciprofloxacin into large unilamellar vesicles (LUV) and studied their antibacterial efficacy in vivo against Salmonella typhimurium in mice infected with intracellular S. typhimurium. They noticed that the LUV composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylchol ine-cholesterol (DPPC/chol),distearoylphosphatidylcholine-cholesterol (DSPC/chol), or sphingomyelin-cholesterol (SM/chol) increased the circulation lifetime of ciprofloxacin after intravenous (i.v.) disposal by 15-fold. In another hand, the retention of ciprofloxacin in liposomes in the circulation decreased in the sequence SM/chol DSPC/chol DPPC/chol. It was noticed that after the adminsrtation of Liposomal ciprofloxacin,intravenously and intraperitoneally to mice, they conferred significant increases in the longevity of the drug in the plasma after intraperitoneal administration and in the lungs after intratracheal administration in comparison to free ciprofloxacin and the concentration of drug in the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys is also increased. Also, they concludedthat it extended survival and reduced the number of bacteria in the liver and spleen after studying The efficacy of a single i.v. administration of an SM/chol formulation of ciprofloxacin in a Salmonella typh imurium infection model. The encapsulated formulation resulted in 103 to 104 fold fewer viable bacteria in the livers and spleens of infected mice than was observed for animals treated with free ciprofloxacin. These results confirmed that the utility of liposomal encapsulation of ciprofloxacin improved the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and antibacterial efficacy of the antibiotic.194 In another study, when negatively charged liposomes are used, ciprofloxacin efficiently inhibits the growth of M. avium in vitro in a murine macrophage-like cell line and this results also were observed in vivo by using specific stealth liposomes in a mouse model of tuberculosis infection.195Regarding to Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs), a study conducted by D. Jainist and R. Banerjee to develop single dose delivery systems based on nanotechnology for prolonged antibiotic release in a controlled manner. In this study they prepared ciprofloxacin hydrochloride-loaded nanoparticles using four differe nt natural carrier materials albumin, gelatin, chitosan (CS), and lipid solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) . They compared them on the basis of particle size, electro-kinetic stability, entrapment efficiency, and drug release. Their Results suggested that CS nanoparticles and SLNs were found to be brilliant formulations for sustained ciprofloxacin release especially for local delivery in ocular and skin infections.196Finally, concerning to polymeric nanoparticles as nanoantibiotics to deliver ciprofloxacin, several studies were carried out. Fawaz et al. encapsulated the synthetic drug ciprofloxacin in polyisobutylcyanoacrylate (PIBCA) nanoparticles. Thay studied their pharmacokinetic after intravenous infusion to the rabbit. The results revealed that ciprofloxacin-loaded PIBCA/NP led to increased AUC, t1/2 and Vd, and to a decreased Cl as compared with free form of drug. In addition, they tested these nanoparticles against a M. avium infection in a human macrophage culture, it was fo und that ciprofloxacin-loaded PIBCA/NP was more effective than unbound ciprofloxacin. In spite of this, the efficacy of ciprofloxacin associated with nanoparticles was much lower than expect due to the cytotoxicity of the polymeric material that was observed at concentrations higher than 80 mg of PIBCA per ml.197 another study carried out by Dillen et al. to prepare Poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles incorporating ciprofloxacin HCl by using W/O/W emulsification solvent evaporation method. They used poly(vinylalcohol) as a stabilizer. They studied of different preparation factors on the physicochemical properties of nanoparticles. Thee microbiological activity on two types of microorganisms, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, was tested. the activity against P. aeruginosa and S. aureus of the nanoparticles and aqueous solution was comparable.198 While Rosemary et al. investigated the antibacterial activity of ciprofloxacin-encapsulated silica nanoshells that were synthesized from emailprotected core-shell nanoparticles. In the case of Escherichia coli DH5R better antibacterial activity was showed in comparison with free ciprofloxacin, but the same activity was observed for Lactococcus lactis MG 1363. Also, nanoparticles were shown to enter the bacterial cell to exert their antibacterial effect by fluorescence imaging studies that conducted using fluorescein emailprotected199 Last study carried out by Abeylath et al. where they synthesized glycosylated polyacrylate nanoparticles that had covalently-bounded three antibiotics (N-sec-butylthio b-lactam, ciprofloxacin, and a penicillin ) within their framework. The results of the microbiological test showed that the N-sec-butylthio b-lactam and ciprofloxacin nanoparticles both had powerful in vitro activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis, while the penicillin-bound nanoparticles had no antimicrobial activity